Publication: Managing Sovereign Loans: “A Bottom-up Approach" (Guidance Note)
Loading...
Other Files
235 downloads
20 downloads
9 downloads
Date
2023-07-13
ISSN
Published
2023-07-13
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
The objective of this note is to provide guidance for countries on how to manage contractual debt. It describes the steps necessary to manage debt after the loan becomes effective (or even during the negotiation’s final stages) and until the contract is serviced and closed. These steps include identifying the key components of a debt contract that are needed to accurately service the debt, with a focus on recording and monitoring events that impact cash flows. International Finance Institutions (IFIs) offer relatively similar financing products for developing countries, however, contracts may also be specific and may be tailored to meet the cash flows of the debtor. IFI loans have evolved significantly over the last 20 years, from very rigid structures to more flexible options that have choices in terms of currency, type of interest rate, amortization profile, among others. As this flexibility has increased, so too has the complexity for debt recording: meticulous recording and monitoring must capture all events that impact debt cash flows, a prerequisite for quality debt reporting. Evidence shows challenges in relation to debt recording and reporting. The main causes are: (i) poor understanding of loan terms and conditions; (ii) failure to capture the events that affect the outstanding debt and redemption profile; (iii) miscomputation of these events. Many countries have revealed that debt has been serviced based only on creditor invoices, instead of relying on their own checks and controls. Debt systems manuals, when available, may show how to navigate applications but do not describe how debt cash flows should be computed.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Proite, Andre; Vitorino, Marcelo. 2023. Managing Sovereign Loans: “A Bottom-up Approach" (Guidance Note). Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Notes - Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/40004 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Loan Classification and Provisioning : Current Practices in 26 ECA Countries(World Bank Group, Vienna, 2014-08)This report concerns the Financial Sector Advisory Centreapos;s (FinSAC) attempt to shed light on the regulations and practices in the areas of identifying and provisioning for loans losses in 26 countries in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region. FinSAC aims to deliver policy and technical advice and analytical services to client ECA countries. This reportapos;s analysis is based on a World Bank Survey conducted from 2011 to 2012 on banking supervision. Even though it is often stated that Non Performing Loans (NPL) ratios and provisions are not easily comparable across jurisdictions, NPLs and their provisions in the European and Central Asian (ECA) region are frequently charted and analyzed across multiple jurisdictions. As a result of the lack of harmonized regulations in this area, concerns regarding the consistency of loan quality assessments are frequently raised, particularly with respect to the distinction between performing and non performing exposures, provisions for non performing exposures, as well as forbearance definitions. This overview paper has three main objectives. First, report analyzes some important considerations that make the comparison of NPL ratios and provisions across jurisdictions so challenging. Second, the report explains the interactions between provisioning frameworks based on prudential regulations and accounting standards. Third, the report concludes by sharing some good practices for NPL definitions useful for prudential supervisors who are considering aligning their prudential frameworks more closely with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The report also proposes steps for further regional work, knowledge sharing and harmonization. This will include data collection and benchmarking of internal risk estimates, sharing of reviews of the provisioning methodologies and expected loss calculations applied by the banking groups active in the region and efforts to further analyze and harmonize NPL definitions.Publication Debt Management Performance Assessment : Mongolia(Washington, DC, 2008-06)A World Bank mission visited Ulaanbaatar April 3-11, 2008. The team consisted of Lars Jessen and Eriko Togo, World Bank Treasury. The objective was to undertake a comprehensive assessment of debt management operations using the Debt Management Performance Assessment tool (DeMPA) that was developed with a focus on Low Income Countries (LICs). A main reason for applying the tool in Mongolia was the opportunity to take stock of the progress in the debt management area achieved under the debt management sub-component of the World Bank Governance Assistance Program (GAP). The mission met with government officials from various departments in the Ministry of Finance, including the Debt Management Division, Bank of Mongolia, Mongolia National Audit Office, the State Audit and Inspection Committee, and a private bank. Mongolia scores relatively high on indicators related to governance and strategy development, coordination with macroeconomic policies, strategy implementation, and recording and reporting. Weaknesses reside in the areas of cash flow forecasting and cash management, and operational risk management. The latter include debt administration and data security, and segregation of duties, staff capacity, and business continuity.Publication Debt Management Performance Assessment : Kazakhstan(Washington, DC, 2011-05)A World Bank mission visited Kazakhstan from July 15-23, 2010, to undertake a comprehensive assessment of debt management operations using the Debt Management Performance Assessment tool (DeMPA). The DeMPA report provides an overview of strengths and weaknesses in government debt management in Kazakhstan, as evaluated at end-July, 2010. The scores demonstrate that areas of strength clearly outnumber areas where policies and practices fall short of minimum standards for effective debt management. Areas of strength include the legal framework, governance, and operational risk management, coordination with fiscal and monetary policies, as well as debt recording and reporting. Such strengths are impressive, taking into account the relatively low debt level and modest recourse to both domestic and external borrowing. However, many areas displaying relatively low scores would benefit from attention and reform. This need is most pressing in the context of developing a medium-term debt management strategy, which would involve outlining the preferred composition of debt based on cost-risk analyses, and would provide guidance not only for the government s borrowing but also for market development.Publication International Lending, Sovereign Debt and Joint Liability : An Economic Theory Model for Amending the Treaty of Lisbon(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013-08)As the Eurozone crisis drags on, it is evident that a part of the problem lies in the architecture of debt and its liabilities within the Eurozone and, more generally, the European Union. This paper argues that a large part of the problem can be mitigated by permitting appropriately-structured cross-country liability for sovereign debt incurred by individual nations within the European Union. In brief, the paper makes a case for amending the Treaty of Lisbon. The case is established by constructing a game-theoretic model and demonstrating that there exist self-fulfilling equilibria, which would come into existence if cross-country debt liability were permitted and which are Pareto superior to the existing outcome.Publication Union of the Comoros : Debt Management Performance Assessment(Washington, Dc, 2011-06)This study shows that performance in terms of debt management has been weakened by recurrent political and institutional crises experienced by the country in recent years and has had a negative impact on the State's ability to both mobilize external financing and to honor its financial commitments. The accumulation of external arrears has increased by extension of the depletion sources of funding. However, the government recently initiated numerous actions contributing to a more serene climate at home with the establishment of democratic governance, developing a program of poverty reduction and regularization of arrears. This more favorable environment will soon pave the way for more substantial outside funding, especially following the accession of the Comoros to the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), and therefore requires the full attention of the authorities to implement better management of public debt. This evaluation is part of this perspective. Overall, performance in terms of debt management in the Comoros is satisfactory in all three of the following areas: (i) coordination with fiscal policy, including the integration of forecasts and actual payment of debt service in the preparation and monitoring of budget, (ii) coordination with monetary policy focused on the management of statutory advances granted by the Central Bank of Comoros (BCC), and (iii) procedures for payment of service external debt.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication Doing Business 2014 : Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises(Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2013-10-28)Eleventh in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 185 economies, Doing Business 2014 measures regulations affecting 11 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business, Dealing with construction permits, Getting electricity, Registering property, Getting credit, Protecting investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Closing a business, Employing workers. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2013, ranks economies on their overall “ease of doing business”, and analyzes reforms to business regulation – identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. The Doing Business reports illustrate how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. Doing Business is a flagship product by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies use the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 870 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.Publication World Development Report 2006(Washington, DC, 2005)This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.Publication World Development Report 2011(World Bank, 2011)The 2011 World development report looks across disciplines and experiences drawn from around the world to offer some ideas and practical recommendations on how to move beyond conflict and fragility and secure development. The key messages are important for all countries-low, middle, and high income-as well as for regional and global institutions: first, institutional legitimacy is the key to stability. When state institutions do not adequately protect citizens, guard against corruption, or provide access to justice; when markets do not provide job opportunities; or when communities have lost social cohesion-the likelihood of violent conflict increases. Second, investing in citizen security, justice, and jobs is essential to reducing violence. But there are major structural gaps in our collective capabilities to support these areas. Third, confronting this challenge effectively means that institutions need to change. International agencies and partners from other countries must adapt procedures so they can respond with agility and speed, a longer-term perspective, and greater staying power. Fourth, need to adopt a layered approach. Some problems can be addressed at the country level, but others need to be addressed at a regional level, such as developing markets that integrate insecure areas and pooling resources for building capacity Fifth, in adopting these approaches, need to be aware that the global landscape is changing. Regional institutions and middle income countries are playing a larger role. This means should pay more attention to south-south and south-north exchanges, and to the recent transition experiences of middle income countries.Publication Remarks to the Annual Meetings 2020 Development Committee(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-10-16)David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group, announced that the Board approved a fast track approach to emergency health support programs that now covers 111 countries. Most projects are well advanced, with average disbursement upward of 40 percent. The goal is to take broad, fast action early. The operational framework presented back in June has positioned the Bank to help countries address immediate health threats and social and economic impacts and maintain our focus on long-term development. The Bank is making good progress toward the 15-month target of 160 billion dollars in surge financing. Much of it is for the poorest countries and will take the form of grants or low-rate, long-maturity loans. IFC, through the Global Health Platform, will be providing financing to vaccine manufacturers to foster expanded production of COVID-19 vaccines in both part 1 and 2 countries, providing production is reserved for emerging markets. The Development Committee holds a unique place in the international architecture. It is the only global forum in which the Governments of developed countries and the Governments of developing countries, creditor countries and borrower countries, come together to discuss development and the ‘net transfer of resources to developing countries.’ The current International Financial Architecture system is skewed in favor of the rich and creditor countries. It is important that all voices are heard, so Malpass urged the Ministers of developing countries to use their voice and speak their minds today. Malpass urged consideration of how we can build a new approach to debt restructuring that allows for a fair relationship and balance between creditors and debtors. This will be critical in restoring growth in developing countries; and helping reverse the inequality.