The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) is The World Bank’s official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.
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Publication Learning in the Shadow of the Pandemic: COVID-19 Learning Loss and Widening Learning Disparities in Indonesia(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-11) Hata, Anna; Kim, Seil; Nomura, ShinsakuThe COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures led to significant learning disruption around the world (Patrinos, 2023; Schady et al, 2023), and there is a need to understand the relationship between this disruption and student learning outcomes in Indonesia. This study builds on a recent World Bank report, and aims to conduct a rigorous and comprehensive analysis of associated factors related to learning loss and disparity in Indonesia. This study draws on empirical data including both students’ individual characteristics and structural factors such as governmental support related to the pandemic, school-based management and teacher quality. This study employed surveys from 2019 and 2023 to estimate the learning loss among 6,693 primary school students following the COVID-19 school closures. Additionally, it identified school and individual factors that promoted improvement in student learning during the pandemic. It found that students examined in March 2023 experienced a learning loss of 0.265 standard deviations in language (equivalent to approximately 10.6 months) and 0.276 standard deviations in math (11 months), compared to same-aged students in 2019. This study reveals increased disparity in learning outcomes across different groups. Students with lower socioeconomic status (SES) experienced larger learning losses than others. The poorest 20 percent of households experienced approximately two years of learning loss in both language and math, and students with less educated parents suffered from greater learning losses, including up to two years in language. Pre-existing gender and regional gaps in learning outcomes persisted during the pandemic, with boys underperforming girls, and rural schools underperforming urban schools in both 2019 and 2023.Publication Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-11) World BankNatural hazards disproportionately affect women due to existing social and economic inequalities, increasing their vulnerability and exposure to GBV and economic instability during disasters. This report highlights the necessity of integrating gender-sensitive approaches into infrastructure development to address these disparities effectively. Utilizing the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology, the report identifies gender gaps, proposes targeted interventions, and establishes indicators for monitoring and evaluation. This report presents a strategic framework for incorporating gender perspectives into resilient infrastructure development, focusing on the transportation, water, and energy sectors. The aim is to enhance disaster resilience while promoting gender equality, aligning with the commitments of the GFDRR and the World Bank Group’s initiatives in inclusive DRM and gender equality.Publication Land Rights and Gender Inequality in Senegal(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-11) World BankIn Senegal, despite the existence of legal provisions and international commitments aimed at promoting gender equality in land rights, women continue to face significant challenges in accessing and controlling land. While the Constitution of 2001 explicitly prohibits gender discrimination in matters of property rights, traditional practices and patriarchal norms often limit women's access to land. Traditionally, land is a collective family asset under the control of the head of household, and the rights obtained by women are generally temporary and secondary in nature, with women rarely receiving full administrative rights to the land. Additionally, women's limited knowledge of land access procedures and the influence of patriarchal norms contribute to their marginalization in land matters. To overcome these constraints, women are creating their own strategies, such as collective access. This Gender-Land Gap analysis is in two parts: first, a report outlining the key issues and constraints for women’s land rights in Senegal along with a set of recommendations to improve the situation for women’s land rights in Senegal; and second, a catalog of interventions that support women’s land rights and can be scaled up inPublication Catalog of Tools, Mechanisms, and Initiatives for Reducing Gender Inequalities in Land Tenure in Senegal(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-11) World BankIn Senegal, despite the existence of legal provisions and international commitments aimed at promoting gender equality in land rights, women continue to face significant challenges in accessing and controlling land. While the Constitution of 2001 explicitly prohibits gender discrimination in matters of property rights, traditional practices and patriarchal norms often limit women's access to land. Traditionally, land is a collective family asset under the control of the head of household, and the rights obtained by women are generally temporary and secondary in nature, with women rarely receiving full administrative rights to the land. Additionally, women's limited knowledge of land access procedures and the influence of patriarchal norms contribute to their marginalization in land matters. To overcome these constraints, women are creating their own strategies, such as collective access. This Gender-Land Gap analysis is in two parts: first, a report outlining the key issues and constraints for women’s land rights in Senegal along with a set of recommendations to improve the situation for women’s land rights in Senegal; and second, a catalog of interventions that support women’s land rights and can be scaled up inPublication Towards a Green and Resilient Thailand(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-11) Mani, M.; Pollitt, H.Given the increasing climate challenges, this report updates Thailand’s BCG model for current circumstances. We call it BCG+. The report uses advanced modeling and other cutting-edge analytics to take a whole-of-the-economy perspective so that BCG+ is assessed within the context of broader economic development. Beyond environmental concerns, Thailand’s economic risks, tied to global trends and its reliance on tourism, necessitate a revised development model. The BCG+ economy could mitigate these exposures by reducing reliance on global commodity prices and enhancing economic resilience. By integrating measures on climate resilience, sustainable resource management, and inclusivity in its development strategy, Thailand can work towards achieving its vision of a BCG economy.