Publication:
Preventing a Lost Generation in Education: Understanding the State of Out of School Children in Myanmar

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (2.61 MB)
137 downloads
English Text (151.23 KB)
14 downloads
Date
2024-12-02
ISSN
Published
2024-12-02
Editor(s)
Abstract
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of out-of-schoolchildren (OOSC) in Myanmar, examining variations in OOSC rates across demographics and geographical locations, identifying determinants of out-of-school status, and exploring challenges and opportunities in education access. The analysis primarily relies on data from the Myanmar Subnational Phone Survey 2024 (MSPS 2024), supplemented by MSPS 2023 and the Myanmar Living Conditions Survey 2017 (MLCS 2017).
Link to Data Set
Citation
Fukao, T.; Katwal, S.; Thwin, M. M.; Kyaw, A. P.. 2024. Preventing a Lost Generation in Education: Understanding the State of Out of School Children in Myanmar. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42481 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015) Fukao, Tsuyoshi; Tandon, Prateek
    This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds light on content and instruction, interactions with school directors, instructional support systems, and the implementation of teacher standards. The book investigates the competencies and skills of those attracted to teaching; it assesses the extent to which preservice education in Cambodia is delivering graduates with high content mastery and exposure to a student-centered learning environment; and it examines how teacher performance has been impacted by national incentives, an evaluation system that is disconnected from classroom realities, and the extent to which opportunities to learn and share best-practice lessons with peers exists. Out of the diagnosis follow three policy pillars to reform how teachers are trained, maintained, and motivated. First, the government must make teaching a much more attractive profession. Second, it must improve how teachers are prepared. And third, it must encourage stronger classroom performance. The book contains detailed recommendations under each policy pillar and provides the platform for Cambodia to undertake its next generation of educational reform.
  • Publication
    Educational Access and Disparities in Myanmar
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-12-02) Fukao, T.; Katwal, S.; Thwin, M. M.; Kyaw, A. P.
    Myanmar’s education sector experienced significant progress in expanding access across all levels in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these achievements, Myanmar faces persistent challenges in delivering quality education, with student performance lagging regional standards. The education sector in Myanmar experienced severe disruptions due to the pandemic and the subsequent military coup, resulting in prolonged school closures and a weakened public education system. These challenges have been further compounded by Myanmar’s deteriorating economic situation since the military takeover in 2021. Further, education spending in Myanmar has declined, with the first year-on-year declines in nominal spending for education since FY2011-12. This reduction in financial support along with decrease in the number of teachers due to the dismissal of those participating in the civil disobedience movement (CDM) suggests a likely decline in the quality of teaching and learning for students who remain in school. To address these urgent challenges, development partners put forward the Myanmar Joint Response Framework (JRF) for the Education Sector 2022-2025 in March 2022. The JRF focuses on supporting community-based and open learning modalities through civil society organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the near term, with plans to progressively increase engagement as the political and operating environment improves. The report focuses on the following key questions: (1) what is the current state of enrollment rates across different education levels?; (2) how do enrollment rates vary across different demographic and socioeconomic groups?; (3) what are the main factors contributing to children being out of school?; and (4) how are households coping with disruptions in schooling, including the use of online education and non-public schools? The report is structured as follows: section 1 gives introduction. Section 2 outlines the data and methodology, section 3 examines the state of education access and disparities, section 4 explores household coping strategies, and section 5 summarizes the findings and provides concluding remarks.
  • Publication
    Gender, Geography and Generations : Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-05) Emran, M. Shahe; Shilpi, Forhad
    India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on the educational attainment of children. It uses two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. The paper analyzes the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas, with the lower caste women benefiting the most. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children's education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. The authors provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference.
  • Publication
    Tertiary Education for Economic Growth in the South Caucasus
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-12-09) Geven, K.; Puga, F.
    Policymakers in the South Caucasus region all know a difficult truth: the performance of their universities is disappointing. None of the institutions in the region can boast of a world-class status; none reach a meaningful rank in any of the university rankings. The countries’ institutions, on aggregate, perform much below what is expected given the level of economic development. This report aims to help policymakers in ministries of economic affairs, ministries of finance, and ministries of education understand this sector of national importance. Even more importantly, it hopes to convince the leaders of the tertiary education institutions themselves to take on challenges facing this sector more decisively. The focus of the report is on tertiary education as a source of economic growth, recognizing that tertiary education has other important spillover effects. There is plenty of evidence that tertiary education also helps societies beyond economic returns in terms of improved health, resilience, awareness of climate change, and better-governed societies. Scientific research is a global public good in and of itself, whether it helps societies to understand their cultural traditions better or helps them to find a cure for cancer. These non-economic returns do not, by definition, contrast with economic returns: non-economic and economic returns require accessible, high-quality, relevant, well-funded tertiary education systems that combine teaching and research.
  • Publication
    Assessment of Trends in General Education Public Expenditure in Zambia
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-07-01) World Bank
    Over the past decade, Zambia’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been decreasing as a result of a devastating combination of external and domestic shocks. The country’s macroeconomic environment was weakened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the worsening fiscal outlook, the need for better investments in human capital has never been greater. Building human capital is made more challenging because quality services need to cover a large proportion of the population. The main objective of this policy brief is to assess the funding of pre-primary to tertiary education and how effectively resources are utilized. The 2016 to 2021 period is used for review.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21) Luna-Bazaldua, Diego; Levin, Victoria; Liberman, Julia; Gala, Priyal Mukesh
    This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.
  • Publication
    Argentina Country Climate and Development Report
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11) World Bank Group
    The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.
  • Publication
    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2025: Accelerating Growth through Entrepreneurship, Technology Adoption, and Innovation
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-23) Belacin, Matias; Iacovone, Leonardo; Izvorski, Ivailo; Kasyanenko, Sergiy
    Business dynamism and economic growth in Europe and Central Asia have weakened since the late 2000s, with productivity growth driven largely by resource reallocation between firms and sectors rather than innovation. To move up the value chain, countries need to facilitate technology adoption, stronger domestic competition, and firm-level innovation to build a more dynamic private sector. Governments should move beyond broad support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and focus on enabling the most productive firms to expand and compete globally. Strengthening competition policies, reducing the presence of state-owned enterprises, and ensuring fair market access are crucial. Limited availability of long-term financing and risk capital hinders firm growth and innovation. Economic disruptions are a shock in the short term, but they provide an opportunity for implementing enterprise and structural reforms, all of which are essential for creating better-paying jobs and helping countries in the region to achieve high-income status.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2006
    (Washington, DC, 2005) World Bank
    This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.
  • Publication
    Morocco Economic Update, Winter 2025
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-03) World Bank
    Despite the drought causing a modest deceleration of overall GDP growth to 3.2 percent, the Moroccan economy has exhibited some encouraging trends in 2024. Non-agricultural growth has accelerated to an estimated 3.8 percent, driven by a revitalized industrial sector and a rebound in gross capital formation. Inflation has dropped below 1 percent, allowing Bank al-Maghrib to begin easing its monetary policy. While rural labor markets remain depressed, the economy has added close to 162,000 jobs in urban areas. Morocco’s external position remains strong overall, with a moderate current account deficit largely financed by growing foreign direct investment inflows, underpinned by solid investor confidence indicators. Despite significant spending pressures, the debt-to-GDP ratio is slowly declining.