Publication: Educational Access and Disparities in Myanmar
Loading...
Date
2024-12-02
ISSN
Published
2024-12-02
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state, trends, and disparities in education access in Myanmar, using data from Myanmar Living Conditions Survey 2017 (MLCS 2017), Myanmar Subnational Phone Survey (MSPS) 2023, and MSPS 2024. Despite the recent disruptions to the education sector, the findings reveal remarkable improvements in access to education across various levels, except for lower secondary education. Primary education net enrollment rate (NER) reached 92 percent in 2024, surpassing pre-pandemic levels, and upper secondary NER increased by 28 percent between 2023 and 2024.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Fukao, T.; Katwal, S.; Thwin, M. M.; Kyaw, A. P.. 2024. Educational Access and Disparities in Myanmar. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42477 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Preventing a Lost Generation in Education(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-12-02)This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of out-of-schoolchildren (OOSC) in Myanmar, examining variations in OOSC rates across demographics and geographical locations, identifying determinants of out-of-school status, and exploring challenges and opportunities in education access. The analysis primarily relies on data from the Myanmar Subnational Phone Survey 2024 (MSPS 2024), supplemented by MSPS 2023 and the Myanmar Living Conditions Survey 2017 (MLCS 2017).Publication Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India(2009-06-01)The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these disparities, achieving higher level outcomes in an inclusive manner, which is the real goal for human development in education and health, will be a distant dream. This paper takes up the case of the Indian government s Elementary Education for All Mission to understand how this flagship program relates investments to spatial and social disparities. For identifying the most deprived districts in terms of educational inputs, outputs and overall development, the authors estimate district level education development indices for 2003-2004. The contribution of the largest investment program is measured by "per child allocations" and expenditures at the state and district levels for 2005-2006. An analysis of comparing the ratio of allocations to expenditures with the ratio of district level indices to sub-dimensional indices shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the "real investment needs" of the districts, reflected in their level of educational development and the actual allocations made on an annual basis. The analysis shows that although all districts received more funds for investing in elementary education programs, the most disadvantaged and needy districts received proportionately more funds, which helped these districts to bridge access and infrastructure gaps and appoint more teachers. Benchmarking sector development by spatial entities helps not only in monitoring the outcomes, but also in targeting planning and funding to reduce disparities.Publication Kyrgyz Republic : Gender Disparities in Endowments and Access to Economic Opportunities(Washington, DC, 2012-06)The paper aims to provide an overview of the gender disparities in three major domains-human capital, labor market and entrepreneurship. In doing so, it builds on the framework of the World Bank's regional gender report opportunities for men and women: emerging Europe and Central Asia (World Bank, 2011) and the world development report on gender and development (World Bank, 2011). This joint gender assessment work has the objectives of analyzing the gender dimensions of development of the country and proposing a conceptual framework which will assist in explaining gender inequality and recommending public actions for consideration by policy makers and civil society. This report is an input into the larger country gender assessment. In agreement with the other partners, the scope of this report is limited to quantitative analysis of the gender aspects of the human capital development, labor market disparities, entrepreneurship, career advancement and wage differentials, using nationally representative household survey data. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section one provides an analysis of gender disparities in human capital focusing on education and health outcomes, section two describes men's and women's employment patterns, section three discusses differences in earnings, section four focuses on men's and women's entrepreneurship and possibilities for career advancement in business and politics and section five provides concluding observations.Publication Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015)This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds light on content and instruction, interactions with school directors, instructional support systems, and the implementation of teacher standards. The book investigates the competencies and skills of those attracted to teaching; it assesses the extent to which preservice education in Cambodia is delivering graduates with high content mastery and exposure to a student-centered learning environment; and it examines how teacher performance has been impacted by national incentives, an evaluation system that is disconnected from classroom realities, and the extent to which opportunities to learn and share best-practice lessons with peers exists. Out of the diagnosis follow three policy pillars to reform how teachers are trained, maintained, and motivated. First, the government must make teaching a much more attractive profession. Second, it must improve how teachers are prepared. And third, it must encourage stronger classroom performance. The book contains detailed recommendations under each policy pillar and provides the platform for Cambodia to undertake its next generation of educational reform.Publication Reimagining Higher Education in Cambodia(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-03-21)The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of Cambodia’s tertiary education system in terms of equitable access, labor market relevance, and research output, and to provide policy recommendations to the government and all stakeholders in the tertiary education sector. This will inform priority reforms and investments to strengthen the sector overall and, specifically, improve coverage, relevance, research, and governance. Building on the latest analytical work carried out in 2017 ahead of the preparation of an ongoing higher education operation supported by the World Bank, the study is an important step toward overcoming knowledge gaps about the main drivers of the results of the Cambodian tertiary education system and institutions. It will shed light on the factors explaining disparities in access, the mismatch between higher education programs and labor market needs, the capacity of higher education to train the specialists and technicians needed for the green economy, and shortcomings in the governance set up and processes that impede both public and private HEIs from operating in a flexible and efficient manner. The findings of the report will significantly add to the evidence base for identifying policy options to improve equity, relevance, and governance at both the national and institutional levels.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication International Debt Report 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-12-03)For more than five decades, the World Bank’s premier annual publication on debt, now titled the International Debt Report (IDR), along with the associated International Debt Statistics (IDS) database, have helped shape policies in development finance by sharing timely and comprehensive external debt data and analysis with the international community. Drawing on data collected through the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System, this publication has kept pace with evolving borrowing patterns and new lending instruments, measured the impact of initiatives to relieve debt burdens, and promoted best practices in debt recording and reporting. Each year the report presents timely analysis of evolving trends in external debt stocks and flows of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as issues and challenges for development finance. The IDS database provides comprehensive information on external debt stocks and flows of public and private borrowers in LMICs by borrower and creditor, the terms on which external loans are contracted, current and future debt service, and debt indicators in relation to key economic variables. IDR 2024 encompasses: (1) a two-page foreword signed by the World Bank’s chief economist; (2) key takeaways from the report; (3) analysis of external debt stocks and flows for 2013–2023; (4) the macroeconomic and debt outlook for 2024 and beyond; (5) the debt transparency agenda: moving it forward; and (6) one-page summaries per country, plus global, regional and income-group aggregates showing debt stocks and flows, relevant debt indicators and metadata for 5 years (2019–2023). For more information on IDR 2024 and related products, please visit the World Bank’s Debt Statistics website at www.worldbank.org/debtstatistics.Publication Côte d’Ivoire Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-02)Le présent CCDR comporte trois messages principaux: (i) En premier lieu, le maintien du statu quo ne permettra plus de soutenir la croissance économique de la Côte d'Ivoire et ses ambitions de devenir un pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche supérieure à l’horizon 2030, tout en réduisant considérablement la pauvreté. Toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, et dans le cadre d’un scénario de climat sec/plus chaud, le changement climatique devrait réduire le produit intérieur brut (PIB) réel de 13 pour cent d’ici à 2050, ce qui empêcherait 1,63 million de personnes de s’affranchir de la pauvreté. Quoique dispendieuses, les mesures d’adaptation peuvent potentiellement compenser une grande partie de l’impact négatif du climat, notamment sur les populations démunies; (ii) Deuxièmement, des secteurs économiques clés, dont le cacao et l’énergie, courent le risque de connaître des contre-performances si aucune mesure n’est prise maintenant même pour faire face aux impacts climatiques et tirer parti des mutations technologiques ou des changements réglementaires. En outre, les centres urbains, qui sont des pôles économiques, sont exposés aux dommages climatiques subis par les infrastructures et aux pertes considérables de moyens de subsistance subies par les populations démunies vivant dans des communautés à faibles revenus. Des menaces planent également sur les routes, les réseaux numériques et les autres infrastructures qui assurent l’interconnectivité au plan national, garantissant l’efficacité des déplacements et l’accès aux marchés et aux services; (iii) Troisièmement, la Côte d'Ivoire n’est pas actuellement prête à faire face aux conséquences du changement climatique. Sa capacité d’adaptation en est encore à ses balbutiements, ses institutions et sa coordination de l’action en faveur du climat sont fragmentaires, et ses politiques et programmes ne sont pas à la hauteur du défi climatique auquel sont confrontées les populations vulnérables. Entre-temps, la mise en œuvre des stratégies et plans existants reste limitée. Les composantes réglementaires, institutionnelles et climatiques nécessaires à la gestion des impacts climatiques doivent être revues ou mises en place. Certes, la croissance du secteur privé a connu une tendance positive, mais elle n’atteint pas encore son potentiel en termes de portée et d’échelle, si bien qu’elle doit encore se développer pour jouer son rôle essentiel à l’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique et à leur atténuation.Publication Business Ready 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-03)Business Ready (B-READY) is a new World Bank Group corporate flagship report that evaluates the business and investment climate worldwide. It replaces and improves upon the Doing Business project. B-READY provides a comprehensive data set and description of the factors that strengthen the private sector, not only by advancing the interests of individual firms but also by elevating the interests of workers, consumers, potential new enterprises, and the natural environment. This 2024 report introduces a new analytical framework that benchmarks economies based on three pillars: Regulatory Framework, Public Services, and Operational Efficiency. The analysis centers on 10 topics essential for private sector development that correspond to various stages of the life cycle of a firm. The report also offers insights into three cross-cutting themes that are relevant for modern economies: digital adoption, environmental sustainability, and gender. B-READY draws on a robust data collection process that includes specially tailored expert questionnaires and firm-level surveys. The 2024 report, which covers 50 economies, serves as the first in a series that will expand in geographical coverage and refine its methodology over time, supporting reform advocacy, policy guidance, and further analysis and research.Publication Maldives Development Update, October 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-09)The Maldives Development Update (MDU) has two main goals. First, it takes the pulse of the Maldivian economy by outlining key developments over the past 12 months. Placing these in a global context, and based on these recent developments, the MDU then analyzes the outlook over the medium term. Second, every other edition of the MDU provides a more in-depth investigation of selected economic and policy issues. It has a wide audience including policymakers, policy analysts from think tanks or non-governmental organizations, and business and financial sector professionals interested in Maldives’ economic development.Publication Global Economic Prospects, January 2025(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-01-16)Global growth is expected to hold steady at 2.7 percent in 2025-26. However, the global economy appears to be settling at a low growth rate that will be insufficient to foster sustained economic development—with the possibility of further headwinds from heightened policy uncertainty and adverse trade policy shifts, geopolitical tensions, persistent inflation, and climate-related natural disasters. Against this backdrop, emerging market and developing economies are set to enter the second quarter of the twenty-first century with per capita incomes on a trajectory that implies substantially slower catch-up toward advanced-economy living standards than they previously experienced. Without course corrections, most low-income countries are unlikely to graduate to middle-income status by the middle of the century. Policy action at both global and national levels is needed to foster a more favorable external environment, enhance macroeconomic stability, reduce structural constraints, address the effects of climate change, and thus accelerate long-term growth and development.