Publication: Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project, Volume II-A : Refinery Study
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2009-09
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2009-09
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The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery Study
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“World Bank. 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project, Volume II-A : Refinery Study. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13020 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-07)Over the past two decades, the growing awareness of the role that emissions play in human health and environmental degradation had led to a general movement in many parts of the world to control emissions to reduce the impacts. This movement has mainly taken two forms: 1) the development and subsequent required use of control devices for stationary sources and vehicle sources and, 2) changes in the specifications of transportation fuels to reduce emissions of the major pollutants. These trends originated in the industrialized countries and are now spreading, at different rates, throughout the world. As in other world regions, the first improvement in the specifications of transportation fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa was the elimination of lead. The phase out of lead is now complete and the World Bank and its partners are looking at the next step the reduction of sulfur in transportation fuels. The growing complexity of the vehicle emission control technologies for both personal vehicles and commercial trucks and the concomitant need for clean fuels.In addition to the growing awareness of the human health and environmental impact of vehicle source emissions, have placed increasing requirements on refineries. Sulfur is not an additive but a natural part of crude oil. Its removal processes presents both technological and economic challenges to refiners. However, by coming later than Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regions to ultra-low sulfur fuels, SSA refineries are in a position to benefit from the operating experience and process improvements obtained elsewhere in the refining industry.Publication Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project : Executive Summary(Washington, DC, 2009-09)The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery StudyPublication Latin America and the Caribbean Refinery Sector Development Project - Clients(Washington, DC, 2002-08)This report summarizes two years of intense activity dedicated to the study of the issues confronted by the refining industry in Latin America and the Caribbean. Following the program for phasing out of lead from gasoline and convinced of the importance to progress with the harmonization of oil product's technical specifications, the organizations--OLADE, ARPEL, and the World Bank--decided to jointly carry out a regional study on the refining sector, its anticipated changes, capital requirements, and related financial needs. For the next two or three decades, all projections of energy consumption confirm that liquid fuels will meet most of the energy demand of the transport and commercial sectors. The region's refineries will have to respond to a growing demand for cleaner products, essential to fuel modern engines and preserve air quality. As well, supported by large reserves, natural gas will continue penetrating the electricity and industrial sectors in Latin America. The configuration of the refineries should also conform to this trend. Developing a competitive refining industry is of critical importance to the regional integration process. Despite the current difficulties, economic growth and intra-regional trade in Latin America will continue to expand. To survive many refining companies should have to evolve from supplying in exclusivity national markets to competing in the increasingly open regional market.Publication Pakistan Clean Fuels(Washington, DC, 2001-10)In the context of the Pakistan Clean Fuels Program, and subsequent workshops, the study reviews the proposed timetable for phasing lead out of gasoline, increasing the average of gasoline octane, and reducing sulfur in diesel, and fuel oil. Within South Asia, Pakistan remains one of the countries using leaded gasoline widely, and, given the extensive epidemiological evidence concerning the adverse impact of lead on public health, lead elimination is the highest priority for fuel quality improvement, in addition to the pollutant concern of high ambient concentrations of fine particles. Also examined is the aspect of particulate emissions: higher contribution by diesel vehicles to particulate emissions, a factor aggravated by the much lower pricing policy of diesel. Workshops findings suggest that incremental costs of reducing sulfur in diesel is low, compared to the cost of reducing sulfur in fuel oil which is substantial, arguing for an accelerated switch from fuel oil to natural gas. Conversely, the incremental cost of eliminating lead in gasoline, and reducing sulfur in diesel is surprisingly low. If implemented successfully, one effective option is differentiated vehicle taxation, by which diesel vehicles are taxed considerably more than gasoline equivalents, so as to make diesel vehicles economically unattractive. However, findings suggest that fuel tax policy alone is a poor instrument for inducing a shift from diesel to gasoline powered vehicles; observations thus highlight the importance of coordinating policies across environmental, transport, and energy sectors, using a number of policy instruments, rather than just one to address these problems.Publication Mexico Energy Environment Review(Washington, DC, 2001-03)This energy environment review has two parts. The first addresses greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and examines energy consumption patterns across key economic sectors with a view to forecasting future energy demand and supply, and associated emissions of pollutants (both local and global pollutants but focusing on GHGs. Several energy-pricing instruments for reducing GHG emissions are then examined in terms of their impact on energy consumption and resulting emissions as well as their macroeconomic and socioeconomic consequences. the second part targets urban air pollution ariding from transport emissions and, more specifically, gasoline-fueled vehicles. It examines vehicle fleet characteristics in terms of vehicle technology, vehicle category, age, service and engine size, and relations to emissions. It reviews the history of the vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in Mexico City to distill lessons, and analyzes the emissions data collected in then I/M program. It studies the link between fuel quality and vehicle performance , and discusses the ramifications of the proposed gasoline specifications in the context of the status of the refining sector in Mexico, the effects of fuel quality development in North America, and likely future vehicle emissions regulations in Mexico.
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Publication Economic Recovery(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-04-06)World Bank Group President David Malpass spoke about the world facing major challenges, including COVID, climate change, rising poverty and inequality and growing fragility and violence in many countries. He highlighted vaccines, working closely with Gavi, WHO, and UNICEF, the World Bank has conducted over one hundred capacity assessments, many even more before vaccines were available. The World Bank Group worked to achieve a debt service suspension initiative and increased transparency in debt contracts at developing countries. The World Bank Group is finalizing a new climate change action plan, which includes a big step up in financing, building on their record climate financing over the past two years. He noted big challenges to bring all together to achieve GRID: green, resilient, and inclusive development. Janet Yellen, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, mentioned focusing on vulnerable people during the pandemic. Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, focused on giving everyone a fair shot during a sustainable recovery. All three commented on the importance of tackling climate change.Publication Remarks at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-10-12)World Bank Group President David Malpass discussed biodiversity and climate change being closely interlinked, with terrestrial and marine ecosystems serving as critically important carbon sinks. At the same time climate change acts as a direct driver of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss. The World Bank has financed biodiversity conservation around the world, including over 116 million hectares of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, 10 million hectares of Terrestrial Protected Areas, and over 300 protected habitats, biological buffer zones and reserves. The COVID pandemic, biodiversity loss, climate change are all reminders of how connected we are. The recovery from this pandemic is an opportunity to put in place more effective policies, institutions, and resources to address biodiversity loss.Publication Media and Messages for Nutrition and Health(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-06)The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has experienced rapid and significant economic growth over the past decade. However, poor nutritional outcomes remain a concern. Rates of childhood undernutrition are particularly high in remote, rural, and upland areas. Media have the potential to play an important role in shaping health and nutrition–related behaviors and practices as well as in promoting sociocultural and economic development that might contribute to improved nutritional outcomes. This report presents the results of a media audit (MA) that was conducted to inform the development and production of mass media advocacy and communication strategies and materials with a focus on maternal and child health and nutrition that would reach the most people from the poorest communities in northern Lao PDR. Making more people aware of useful information, essential services and products and influencing them to use these effectively is the ultimate goal of mass media campaigns, and the MA measures the potential effectiveness of media efforts to reach this goal. The effectiveness of communication channels to deliver health and nutrition messages to target beneficiaries to ensure maximum reach and uptake can be viewed in terms of preferences, satisfaction, and trust. Overall, the four most accessed media channels for receiving information among communities in the study areas were village announcements, mobile phones, television, and out-of-home (OOH) media. 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Inflation slowed down in the second half of 2016, mainly due to lower food prices, but appears to be turning up again. Despite recent real exchange rate appreciation, current account balances are mostly in order throughout the region. After a sharp decline triggered by lower oil prices, remittance inflows are stabilizing in most countries and international reserves are mostly at comfortable levels. Progress on fiscal consolidation has been more gradual and public debt levels remain high. South Asia’s performance will maintain momentum, with the gap between its growth rate and that of East Asia slightly widening over time. Regional growth is expected to surpass 7 percent from 2018 onwards. Robust domestic demand, an uptick in exports, and steady FDI inflows underlie this positive outlook. But with financial sector risks remaining, creating financing opportunities for private investment remains a challenge. Pressures against international trade are mounting. 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To reap these gains, universal access to digital services is crucial, as is their widespread use for economic purposes. The book explores how fast the region could approach universal coverage, whether targeting the rollout of digital infrastructure services makes a difference, and what is needed to increase the use of digital payment tools. The authors find that targeting underserved populations and areas can accelerate the achievement of universal access, while fostering competition and improving the functioning of financial and telecommunications sectors can encourage the adoption of digital technologies. In addition, building societal trust in the government and in related institutions such as banks and financial services is critical for fostering the increased use of digital payment tools.