Publication: Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project : Executive Summary
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2009-09
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2009-09
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The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery Study
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“World Bank. 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project : Executive Summary. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12901 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-07)Over the past two decades, the growing awareness of the role that emissions play in human health and environmental degradation had led to a general movement in many parts of the world to control emissions to reduce the impacts. This movement has mainly taken two forms: 1) the development and subsequent required use of control devices for stationary sources and vehicle sources and, 2) changes in the specifications of transportation fuels to reduce emissions of the major pollutants. These trends originated in the industrialized countries and are now spreading, at different rates, throughout the world. As in other world regions, the first improvement in the specifications of transportation fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa was the elimination of lead. The phase out of lead is now complete and the World Bank and its partners are looking at the next step the reduction of sulfur in transportation fuels. The growing complexity of the vehicle emission control technologies for both personal vehicles and commercial trucks and the concomitant need for clean fuels.In addition to the growing awareness of the human health and environmental impact of vehicle source emissions, have placed increasing requirements on refineries. Sulfur is not an additive but a natural part of crude oil. Its removal processes presents both technological and economic challenges to refiners. However, by coming later than Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regions to ultra-low sulfur fuels, SSA refineries are in a position to benefit from the operating experience and process improvements obtained elsewhere in the refining industry.Publication Pakistan Clean Fuels(Washington, DC, 2001-10)In the context of the Pakistan Clean Fuels Program, and subsequent workshops, the study reviews the proposed timetable for phasing lead out of gasoline, increasing the average of gasoline octane, and reducing sulfur in diesel, and fuel oil. Within South Asia, Pakistan remains one of the countries using leaded gasoline widely, and, given the extensive epidemiological evidence concerning the adverse impact of lead on public health, lead elimination is the highest priority for fuel quality improvement, in addition to the pollutant concern of high ambient concentrations of fine particles. Also examined is the aspect of particulate emissions: higher contribution by diesel vehicles to particulate emissions, a factor aggravated by the much lower pricing policy of diesel. Workshops findings suggest that incremental costs of reducing sulfur in diesel is low, compared to the cost of reducing sulfur in fuel oil which is substantial, arguing for an accelerated switch from fuel oil to natural gas. Conversely, the incremental cost of eliminating lead in gasoline, and reducing sulfur in diesel is surprisingly low. If implemented successfully, one effective option is differentiated vehicle taxation, by which diesel vehicles are taxed considerably more than gasoline equivalents, so as to make diesel vehicles economically unattractive. However, findings suggest that fuel tax policy alone is a poor instrument for inducing a shift from diesel to gasoline powered vehicles; observations thus highlight the importance of coordinating policies across environmental, transport, and energy sectors, using a number of policy instruments, rather than just one to address these problems.Publication Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project : Volume I-A. Health Study Final Report(Washington, DC, 2009-09)The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery StudyPublication Cleaner Transport Fuels for Cleaner Air in Central Asia and the Caucasus(Washington, DC, 2001-08)Combating pollution needs to be based on standards supported by enforced regulatory, and physical infrastructure, not always in place in countries in transition from central planning to a market economy. Policymakers in the Central Asia and the Caucus region, however, are recognizing the need for such steps against pollution, demonstrated by their commitment to phase out lead from gasoline. To support these efforts, the Bank undertook a regional study on cleaner transport fuels for urban quality improvement in the region, recognizing that fuel quality improvements should be linked to broader air quality management, to ensure cost-effectiveness, and in addressing these issues, it is therefore possible to build on economies of scale, avoid duplications, allow the transfer of experience, and facilitate intra-regional trade in petroleum products. This lead to this study's observations, and recommendations. The establishment of continuous monitoring of the "classical" pollutants, should permit comparison with international standards, by monitoring fine particles, airborne lead, and ground-level ozone. In turn, facilities with diagnostic equipment, and qualified technicians should be available, including vehicle registration systems. It is recommended that gasoline lead should be eliminated by 2005, sulfur in gasoline should be limited by 2015, benzene reductions should be phased out, and instead introduce the acceptable diesel sulfur specifications, and standards as in developed countries. Considerations should include the installation of isomer units; reevaluation on the role of refineries in gasoline production; and, fuel-quality specifications in privatization biding documents, should ensure predictability of regulations.Publication Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project, Volume II-A : Refinery Study(Washington, DC, 2009-09)The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery Study
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The recovery from this pandemic is an opportunity to put in place more effective policies, institutions, and resources to address biodiversity loss.Publication Economic Recovery(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-04-06)World Bank Group President David Malpass spoke about the world facing major challenges, including COVID, climate change, rising poverty and inequality and growing fragility and violence in many countries. He highlighted vaccines, working closely with Gavi, WHO, and UNICEF, the World Bank has conducted over one hundred capacity assessments, many even more before vaccines were available. The World Bank Group worked to achieve a debt service suspension initiative and increased transparency in debt contracts at developing countries. The World Bank Group is finalizing a new climate change action plan, which includes a big step up in financing, building on their record climate financing over the past two years. 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