Mining, Oil, and Gas

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Impactful Women: Examining Opportunities and Constraints for Women in Mining Organizations Worldwide

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-01) World Bank

In every mining region across the globe, there are a multitude of entities primarilyfocused on progressing the interests of women in mining. At the national level,the most notable interest group is that of Women in Mining (WIM) organizations.Although WIM organizations share a common vision, their objectives and formsvary. WIM organizations generally evolve organically and are structured, managed,and financed in accordance with their membership composition, location, context,and purpose. Most are independent but welcome coordination and joint initiativeswhile others are organized under the umbrella of an industry association or abusiness. In a single country, several WIM organizations may exist that are or aren’tlinked to one another, or there may be only one WIM organization in the wholecountry, both instances occur. As our research findings show, regardless of the form,the number of WIM organizations has been steadily increasing over the last decade.
Chad SME Competitiveness and Global Value Chain Upgrading Diagnostics with Focus on Opportunities in the Domestic and Regional Markets

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06-11) World Bank

This study aims to explore ways in which key competencies of the oil and gas industry could be leveraged to support the diversification of the Chadian economy. The analysis focused on identifying opportunities and prioritizing core competencies in specific segments of the oil and gas value chain where economic activities have the potential to grow and increase cross pollination, which can be achieved through policy reforms or the provision of public and private inputs.
Peru Mining Sector Diagnostic

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-05) World Bank

The facts and events that have shaped the strengths of the Peruvian mining industry are well established. Private mining investment has flowed in during the last decade, making Peru the second most popular destination for mining investment in Latin America. Peru has increased its annual copper production five times from approximately half a million to two and a half million metric tons of fine copper, moving from being only a major producer of gold to becoming also the second largest producer of copper in the world. The mining sector needs to create the necessary conditions, within a context of social legitimacy, to move forward successfully with the development of an extensive mining project pipeline. The country now faces the challenge of improving the sector’s policies and management to guarantee its long-term contribution to the country’s sustainable development. The government also faces the major challenge of artisanal and small-scale mining formalization and elimination of illegal mining, which has destroyed Amazon jungle with mercury, especially in the Amazonian Madre de Dios region. The Mining Sector Diagnostic (MSD) is a tool that the World Bank has developed to analyze the rules and policies that exist in the mining sector and the gap between these rules and their implementation in practice. It reviews sector performance from the perspective of the three main stakeholder groups , and analyzes their priorities to improve mining sector performance.
Mine Closure: A Toolbox for Governments

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-04-23) World Bank

The objective of this toolbox is to provide policy makers, governmental administrators, and lawmakers with the information needed to develop a broad governance framework that reduces the risks of an improperly managed mining industry and helps ensure successful mine closure. Every jurisdiction is unique and will require a solution that fits their legislative, cultural, economic and historical context. The toolbox is meant to provide examples of good international industry practice and basic legislative requirements that should be in place to facilitate closure. It also provides practical guidance and explanations for the key components of and process for developing a governance framework specific to mine closure. The tools found herein are based on GIIP including ICMM’s ‘Integrated Mine Closure: Good Practice Guide’, APEC’s ‘Mine Closure Checklist for Governments’, and other guidelines, frameworks, and standards. The ICMM and APEC publications include excellent information (e.g. checklists), which can be used in conjunction with this toolkit to guide the development of these frameworks. Section five sets out the legal elements that should be in place to facilitate closure, while sections six and seven highlight the socioeconomic and technical requirements of closure respectively. In each section guidance has been provided on key items that should be included in legislation, as well as suggested content to appear in policies and guidelines. Sections eight, nine, and eleven provide additional tools that are relevant for governments and other stakeholders in assessing and implementing closure practices. Section ten addresses some of the unique challenges that arise from legacy mines that were not closed in accordance with good international industry practice.
The Role of the State in Mongolia’s Mining Sector

(Washington, DC, 2021) World Bank

Mining dominates the Mongolian economy, already accounting for some 80 percent of exports and contributing a quarter of gross domestic product (GDP). In July 2020, the newly elected government reaffirmed its commitment to bring into production more of Mongolia’s mineral deposits and to process minerals locally instead of exporting them. Its objectives are to boost government revenues, retain more value in-country, and create conditions for more diversified economic growth in the future. Further commercial development of Mongolia’s mineral resources, for which substantial financing will be required, faces several challenges. The challenges and opportunities identified confront the government as it seeks to advance mining sector “megaprojects.” Careful consideration of the role that the government plays as owner of mineral resources is central to more optimal development of the mining sector and the government’s approach to mobilizing finance. As recommended in the World Bank’s Policy Notes(July 2020), the government may need to develop a more effective strategy to allocate scarce public funds and mobilize fresh private capital to support development of the mining sector. The purpose of this analysis is to prompt an open debate based on policy evidence derived from robust analysis of options and trade-offs that can lead to an actionable reform agenda.
Uganda Oil Revenue Management: Closing Gaps in the Fiscal and Savings Frameworks to Maximize Benefits

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-03) World Bank

After Uganda enjoyed two decades of strong growth and poverty reduction in the 1990s and early 2000s, its economy slowed down, and social progress decelerated amid a steady increase of the population. Several constraints continue to undermine progress and social and economic transformation in Uganda. The start-up of oil production and revenues has the potential to accelerate growth by addressing some of the constraints to economic transformation, but it has to be managed well. Actual revenues from oil will depend on levels of production and international oil, with significant impact on government revenue, exports, and investmentsMaximizing the benefits from oil revenues requires maximizing efficiency across the entire revenue chain. Several analytical and technical assistance programs have recommended specific reforms to help Uganda maximize the dividends from its oil. This paper reassesses the adequacy of Uganda’s public finance systems in providing an appropriate fiscal framework for determining spending as well as setting aside and managing savings for future generations. The rest of the paper is organized in three sections. Section 2 provides an update on the state of development of Uganda’s oil sector. Section 3 discusses the current fiscal framework and what would need to be adjusted before the oil revenue starts flowing. Section 4 delves into the institutional design and operational management of the petroleum revenue investment reserve, and how it could be turned into a genuine SWF for Uganda.
Digging Beneath the Surface: An Exploration of the Net Benefits of Mining in Southern Africa

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-06) World Bank

Mining has been central to the social and economic narrative of Southern Africa, and has been a key provider of investment, employment, government revenue and infrastructure in the region. In South Africa, the Johannesburg-Pretoria metropolitan area, which serves as the region's economic and financial hub, developed because of the local gold supply. In the early years, mining developed on the back of migrant workers from across Southern Africa who toiled in the mines under poor conditions. Many ex-miners suffer from vocational diseases to this day. While mining has helped build the economies of Southern Africa, it has come at social and environmental costs that cast a long shadow. Inequality is also high in many Southern African countries, suggesting that mining has not translated into inclusive growth. This report attempts to examine and weigh the various benefits and costs that mining has brought to the Southern Africa region. Data limitations are significant, restricting authoritative conclusions on whether the benefits from mining are positive or negative, on balance, for Southern African societies. The emphasis of this report is thus on taking stock of various benefits and costs associated with mining, while drawing on available information and thought experiments to highlight the potential trade-offs and how they affect stakeholder groups: workers, investors, governments, communities, and the rest of the economy. The countries this report focuses on are Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Chad Petroleum Sector Diagnostic Report

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-02-01) World Bank

This report contains an assessment of the approach that the Republic of Chad has adopted or plans to adopt to enhance the benefits generated by the exploitation of its petroleum resources, and to manage the economic and social impact of such exploitation in a sustainable and equitable manner. Its objective is to inform the extent and prioritization of petroleum sector reforms, which might be the object of technical assistance to be provided by the World Bank and other development partners. The report focuses on the upstream part of the petroleum sector (exploration and production), where the largest fiscal and governance gains can be achieved. The report is necessarily a high-level review of geological potential, laws and regulations, and institutional capacity and organization pertaining to the petroleum sector. As such, it is not a guide on how to secure private sector investment or implement reforms. It was prepared in a short period of time combining desk research and in-country stakeholders’ consultation with the accumulated knowledge from several World Bank economic and sector studies and technical assistance operations and reflects the openness of the dialogue with the Government. Its findings are intended as background for discussion with the Authorities with the aim to identify a shared assessment of needs and priorities.
Report on Indonesia Mining Sector Diagnostic

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-11-01) Indonesian Mining Institute

The Mining sector diagnostic (MSD) is a tool the World Bank has developed to: (1) comprehensively assess the laws, policies, and regulations in a country's mining sector; and (2) identify the strengths and weaknesses of the institutions that administer` the laws, policies, and regulations and monitor and regulate the sector. The Indonesia MSD collects and shares information on the nation's mining sector's management structure and governance. It analyzes the rules and policies that exist in the mining sector and the gap between those rules and their implementation in practice. For the government to optimize the management of and benefits stream from its mining industry, it agrees to receive support from the World Bank to undertake policy analysis and design reforms through the Natural Resources for Development (NR4D) program. This report is organized as follows: an introduction, followed by chapter 2, which provides an overview of the mining sector in Indonesia, its importance in the overall economy, the main institutional roles and responsibilities, and the legal and regulatory framework governing the sector. Chapter 3 presents a high-level summary of the results of the MSD, discussing the data as aggregated into the MSD dashboard and analyzing implementation gaps between de jure and de facto performance. Chapter 4 discusses the detailed findings regarding the strengths and weaknesses of Indonesia's mining sector. The MSD also assesses the context and enabling environment of the mining sector, the results of which are presented in chapter 5. Chapter 6 analyzes stakeholder priorities defined as those areas that respondents identified as key priority areas, reforms in which would have a significant impact on improving the contribution of the mining sector to sustainable economic development and the well-being of the entire population. Chapter 7 concludes with a summary of sector strengths.
The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-06-30) World Bank Group

Climate and greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios have typically paid scant attention to the metal implications necessary to realize a low/zero carbon future. The 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change indicates a global resolve to embark on development patterns that would significantly be less GHG intensive. One might assume that nonrenewable resource development and use will also need to decline in a carbon-constrained future. This report tests that assumption, identifies those commodities implicated in such a scenario and explores ramifications for relevant resource-rich developing countries. Using wind, solar, and energy storage batteries as proxies, the study examines which metals will likely rise in demand to be able to deliver on a carbon-constrained future. Metals which could see a growing market include aluminum (including its key constituent, bauxite), cobalt, copper, iron ore, lead, lithium, nickel, manganese, the platinum group of metals, rare earth metals including cadmium, molybdenum, neodymium, and indium—silver, steel, titanium and zinc. The report then maps production and reserve levels of relevant metals globally, focusing on implications for resource-rich developing countries. It concludes by identifying critical research gaps and suggestions for future work.