Publication: Valuing the Protection Services
of Mangroves in the Philippines
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Date
2017-07
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Published
2017-07
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Mangroves and other coastal ecosystems act as natural defenses to reduce the risks from flooding, erosion and natural disasters. Yet the value of these habitats is often not fully accounted for in policy and management decisions, and thus they continue to be lost at alarming rates. Using natural capital accounting, we can measure and value the services provided by these coastal ecosystems, and thus inform policies for sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and environmental conservation. A new report measures and values the coastal protection benefits of mangroves in the Philippines.
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“Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services. 2017. Valuing the Protection Services
of Mangroves in the Philippines. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27657 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Valuing Protective Services of Mangroves in the Philippines(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-07)Mangroves and other coastal ecosystems act as natural defenses that protect people and property from storms, floods, erosion, and other coastal hazards, reducing coastal risk. Mangroves protect coastlines by decreasing the risk of flooding and erosion. The roots of mangroves retain sediments and prevent erosion, while the prop roots, trunks and canopy reduce the force of incoming wind and waves and reduce flooding. The Philippines has lost hundreds of thousands of hectares of mangroves in the last century. When mangroves are degraded or destroyed, the coast line becomes more exposed to the destructive impacts of waves and storm surge, and coastal communities have greater risks from the impacts of storms, floods, and sea level rise. The Philippines is at high risk from coastal hazards and natural defenses can help reduce these risks. This Technical Report, and its accompanying Policy Brief, provide a social and economic valuation of the flood protection benefits from mangroves in the Philippines. This work aims to support decisions across development, aid, risk reduction and conservation sectors as they seek to identify sustainable and cost-effective approaches for risk reduction. This Technical Report applies the Expected Damage Function approach recommended by the World Bank to quantify the risk reduction benefits from mangroves in the Philippines. Using high-resolution flooding models, the Report examines the flooding that would occur with and without mangroves under different storm conditions throughout the Philippines, and estimates the annual expected benefits of mangroves for protecting people and property in social and economic terms.Publication Mangroves as a Coastal Protection of Local Economic Activities from Hurricanes in the Caribbean(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2021-10-01)In recent decades, hurricane frequency and intensity have increased in the Caribbean basin. From 2000 to 2012, more than 100 hurricanes impacted lives, infrastructure, gross domestic product, and natural environments along the coastal shorelines. Recent academic references mention that the dense root system of mangrove forests might mitigate the impact of hurricanes, which would help stabilize the coastline and prevents erosion from waves and storms. Many tropical mangroves are found on the coasts of Caribbean islands, unfortunately, these wetland ecosystems have been cleared at a rate of one percent per year since the nineties by climatic and anthropogenic events. Given this critical context, this study quantifies the causal effects hurricane windstorms on local economic activity, using as a proxy nightlights in the Caribbean region at the highest spatial resolution data available (1 square kilometer), and then measure the level of mangrove natural protection against the impact of hurricanes, employing different widths of the mangroves belt, which leads to a broader socio-economic and environmental perspective study. The results suggest that major hurricanes show negative effects of approximately two percent in nightlights and even a greater negative impact of sixteen percent in storm surge prone areas. However, the presence of mangroves on the coast minimizes the impact of hurricanes, shows a reduction of nightlights between one and six percent. The paper contributes to the literature of natural coastal protection against natural disasters by providing robust estimates of the causal effects of major hurricanes windstorms in the Caribbean, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of environmental policies and disaster risk management toward those most impacted islands.Publication Mangroves as Coastal Protection for Local Economic Activities from Hurricanes in the Caribbean(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-11)In recent decades, hurricane frequency and intensity have increased in the Caribbean Basin. From 2000 to 2012, more than 100 hurricanes impacted lives, infrastructure, and economic activity along the region’s shorelines. Studies suggest that mangrove forests’ dense root systems might mitigate the impact of hurricanes, which would help stabilize the coastline and prevent erosion from waves and storms. Although many tropical mangroves are found on Caribbean coasts, climatic and anthropogenic events have been clearing these wetland ecosystems at an annual rate of 1 percent since the 1990s. This study quantifies the effects of hurricane windstorms on economic activity using nightlight as a proxy at the highest spatial resolution data available (1 square kilometer). Using different widths of the mangrove belt, it measures levels of mangrove natural protection against the impact of hurricanes and studies the broader socioeconomic and environmental effects of this protection. The results suggest that while major hurricanes reduce nightlight by approximately 2 percent and up to 16 percent in storm surge prone areas, the presence of mangroves on the coast mitigates the impact of hurricanes, reducing nightlight by 1–6 percent.Publication The Flood Protection Benefits and Restoration Costs for Mangroves in Jamaica(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019)Jamaica, like other Caribbean and island nations is at high risk from coastal flooding and related hazards. Vulnerable coastal communities in Jamaica receive significant flood protection benefits from natural habitats like mangroves and coral reefs, even though these habitats are threatened by human development and activity and by natural stressors such as sea-level rise and climate change. As coastal flooding and habitat loss increase, there is great imperative among national disaster risk reduction agencies, conservation agencies and international aid institutions in Jamaica, to quantify the economic value of conserving and restoring mangrove habitats for risk reduction and to thereby inform national risk reduction, climate adaptation and conservation plans. This technical report provides an ecological, economic and social assessment of the habitat status, risks, costs and flood protection benefits of mangroves in Jamaica with a focus on their role in coastal flood risk reduction. This work aims to support decisions for sustainable and cost-effective approaches for mangrove management and flood risk reduction. First, authors assess the current status and recent trends in the distribution of mangroves in Jamaica. We then review the costs of restoration mangrove projects across Jamaica and the wider Caribbean. Using connected assessments, authors consider the nationwide restoration potential for mangroves. The authors then focus on a rigorous nationwide assessment of flood risk and the risk reduction benefits of mangroves to people and property across Jamaica.Publication Mangroves as Protection from Storm Surges in Bangladesh(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-11)Mangrove forests can reduce the vulnerability of adjacent coastal lands from storm surges by slowing the flow of water. Although the potential utility of mangroves in disaster risk reduction is increasingly recognized by coastal managers, efficient use of this ecosystem-based protection is often hindered by the scarcity of location-specific information on the protective capacity of mangroves. This paper evaluates that capacity in seven coastal locations of Bangladesh, where surge heights can range from 1.5 to 9 meters. Estimates confirm varying levels of protection from different species, width, and density of mangrove forests. The findings highlight that mangroves must be used along with built infrastructure such as embankments. However, mangroves in the foreshore of embankments will contribute to savings in maintenance costs by protecting the built infrastructure from breaching and other damages.
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