Publication: Optimizing Investments in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’s HIV Response
Loading...
Files in English
328 downloads
Date
2015
ISSN
Published
2015
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This report summarizes the findings of an Allocative efficiency analysis on the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia `s national HIV epidemic and response conducted in 2014-15. The report addresses core questions for resource allocation such ‘How can HIV funding be optimally allocated to the combination of HIV response interventions that will yield the highest impact?’ or ‘What level of investment is required to achieve national targets, if we allocate resources optimally?’. The report describes epidemiological and HIV financing trends as well as identifies sub-populations, which are most affected by the epidemic. Based on this information, the optimized mix of interventions for minimizing new HIV infections and deaths is identified using mathematical modeling techniques. Required investments into programs for key populations and antiretroviral treatment are established and translated into policy recommendations. The FYR Macedonia experiences a low level, concentrated HIV epidemic. The small number of people currently living with HIV is attributable, in part, to an effective HIV response to date. There is increasing HIV prevalence among certain key population groups, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM) and male sex workers (MSW). This recent trend warrants early attention. MSM accounted for 64 percent of newly diagnosed people living with HIV in 2014. In that same year, programs specifically targeting MSM accounted for only 2.4 percent of HIV spending.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2015. Optimizing Investments in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’s HIV Response. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25378 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Early Childhood Development(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-12)This report presents an analysis of the Early Childhood Development (ECD) programs and policies that affect young children in Macedonia and recommendations to move forward. The Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) initiative produces comparative data and knowledge on education policies and institutions, with the aim of helping countries systematically strengthen their education systems. SABER evaluates the quality of education policies against evidence-based global standards, using new diagnostic tools and detailed policy data.This report is part of a series of reports prepared by the World Bank using the Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER-ECD) framework and includes analysis of early learning,health, nutrition and social and child protection policies and interventions in Macedonia, along with regional and international comparisons. SABER-ECD identifies three core policy goals that countries should address to ensure optimal ECD outcomes and they are as follows: 1) establishing an enabling environment; 2)implementing widely; and 3) monitoring and assuring quality. To conclude, Macedonia has successfully established many elements of a strong ECD system, including essential healthcare and standards for early childhood education. It may need to strengthen its intersectoral coordination and finance systems. The country’s biggest challenge may be how to expand preprimary enrollment,especially to children from poor families,while maintaining quality.Publication Optimizing Investments in the Kyrgyz Republic’s HIV Response(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016)This report summarizes the findings of an allocative efficiency analysis on the Kyrgyz Republic`s national HIV epidemic and response conducted in 2014-15. The report addresses core questions for resource allocation such ‘How can HIV funding be optimally allocated to the combination of HIV response interventions that will yield the highest impact?’ or ‘What level of investment is required to achieve national targets, if we allocate resources optimally?’. The report describes epidemiological and HIV financing trends as well as identifies sub-populations, which are most affected by the epidemic. Based on this information, the optimized mix of interventions for minimizing new HIV infections and deaths is identified using mathematical modelling techniques. Required investments into programs for key populations and antiretroviral treatment are established and translated into policy recommendations. The Kyrgyz Republic’s HIV epidemic is transitioning from an early concentrated epidemic among people who inject drugs (PWID) into an advanced concentrated HIV epidemic with continued transmission among PWID, but an increasing share of sexual transmission to female partners of PWID and among men who have sex with men (MSM). The Optima model projected that, with current spending, the estimated 1,000 annual new infections in 2014 will increase to 1,100, and estimated deaths from 400 in 2014 to 600 deaths per year on average, over 2015-20.Publication Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia : Issues in Urban and Municipal Development(Washington, DC, 2006-11)The present study examines the challenges facing municipal governments in FYR Macedonia. The introductory chapter provides some further context for these developments, in terms of the challenges they pose for urban areas and their governments. Chapter Two examines issues for financial management of municipalities under the decentralized regime, and the attendant need for improving local government capacity. The third chapter highlights questions in the area of communal services, where municipal governments retain overall provision and supervisory responsibilities of the local public enterprises. The fourth chapter focuses on urban planning and land management, an area critical to the efficient functioning of cities and for which municipalities have acquired new obligations. The approach of the report is to assemble existing data from many available studies, both by the World Bank and by other sources, and information obtained from interviews in the country to articulate ideas and recommendations for consideration by the Government elected in July 2006, by municipal governments, and by other stakeholders.Publication Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of : Analysis of the Agricultural Support Programs(Washington, DC, 2013-10)The report is structured to allow readers familiar with Macedonia s agriculture sector to quickly grasp the essentials needed to improve the sector, as well as to inform a general audience on how to address the challenges of a modern European Union (EU)-aspiring state. Chapter two provides an in-depth analysis of the sectoral background, illustrating the main characteristics and challenges of Macedonia s agriculture sector. The illustration takes an integrated approach to the sector, covering a vast range of inter-related topics including the prominence of the sector not only in terms of its economic and social contribution but also its implications for trade, the urban-rural poverty gap and shared prosperity, farm structure, climate adaptation, and capacity building. Chapter three draws on lessons from the European Union (EU) and provides a framework to analyze Macedonia s agricultural support programs. Further, the chapter provides a primer on the EU s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its measures to support agriculture. Chapter four presents concise empirical evidence of the coverage and institutional capacity of the agricultural programs in Macedonia under both pillar one and pillar two measures. Chapter five then builds on the primary diagnostic set out in the previous chapters and critically examines the alignment of Macedonia s agricultural programs with the government s stated objectives of poverty reduction, competitiveness, and sustainable development. The results are at best mixed, suggesting substantial pathways for scaling up and exploiting untapped opportunities. Finally, chapter six synthesizes the overall evidence and presents policy implications and recommendations.Publication Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(Washington, DC, 2010-09)This country note for Macedonia is part of a series of country briefs that summarize information relevant to climate change and agriculture for four pilot countries in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region, with a particular focus on climate and crop projections, adaptation options, policy development and institutional involvement. The note series has been developed to provide a baseline of knowledge on climate change and agriculture for the pilot countries participating in the regional program on reducing vulnerability to climate change in ECA agricultural systems. This note for Macedonia was shared with the Government and other agricultural sector stakeholders and used as an engagement tool for a National Awareness Raising and Consultation Workshop, held in Skopje in May 2010. Feedback and comments on the note from this consultation process have been incorporated into this updated version in collaboration with the Macedonian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy (MAFWE).
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication World Development Report 2011(World Bank, 2011)The 2011 World development report looks across disciplines and experiences drawn from around the world to offer some ideas and practical recommendations on how to move beyond conflict and fragility and secure development. The key messages are important for all countries-low, middle, and high income-as well as for regional and global institutions: first, institutional legitimacy is the key to stability. When state institutions do not adequately protect citizens, guard against corruption, or provide access to justice; when markets do not provide job opportunities; or when communities have lost social cohesion-the likelihood of violent conflict increases. Second, investing in citizen security, justice, and jobs is essential to reducing violence. But there are major structural gaps in our collective capabilities to support these areas. Third, confronting this challenge effectively means that institutions need to change. International agencies and partners from other countries must adapt procedures so they can respond with agility and speed, a longer-term perspective, and greater staying power. Fourth, need to adopt a layered approach. Some problems can be addressed at the country level, but others need to be addressed at a regional level, such as developing markets that integrate insecure areas and pooling resources for building capacity Fifth, in adopting these approaches, need to be aware that the global landscape is changing. Regional institutions and middle income countries are playing a larger role. This means should pay more attention to south-south and south-north exchanges, and to the recent transition experiences of middle income countries.Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2024: Better Education for Stronger Growth(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-17)Economic growth in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) is likely to moderate from 3.5 percent in 2023 to 3.3 percent this year. This is significantly weaker than the 4.1 percent average growth in 2000-19. Growth this year is driven by expansionary fiscal policies and strong private consumption. External demand is less favorable because of weak economic expansion in major trading partners, like the European Union. Growth is likely to slow further in 2025, mostly because of the easing of expansion in the Russian Federation and Turkiye. This Europe and Central Asia Economic Update calls for a major overhaul of education systems across the region, particularly higher education, to unleash the talent needed to reinvigorate growth and boost convergence with high-income countries. Universities in the region suffer from poor management, outdated curricula, and inadequate funding and infrastructure. A mismatch between graduates' skills and the skills employers are seeking leads to wasted potential and contributes to the region's brain drain. Reversing the decline in the quality of education will require prioritizing improvements in teacher training, updated curricula, and investment in educational infrastructure. In higher education, reforms are needed to consolidate university systems, integrate them with research centers, and provide reskilling opportunities for adult workers.Publication World Development Report 2006(Washington, DC, 2005)This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.Publication Doing Business 2014 : Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises(Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2013-10-28)Eleventh in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 185 economies, Doing Business 2014 measures regulations affecting 11 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business, Dealing with construction permits, Getting electricity, Registering property, Getting credit, Protecting investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Closing a business, Employing workers. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2013, ranks economies on their overall “ease of doing business”, and analyzes reforms to business regulation – identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. The Doing Business reports illustrate how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. Doing Business is a flagship product by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies use the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 870 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.