Publication: Kenya - Emergency Response to Rebuilding Flood-damaged Infrastructure
Loading...
Published
2003-09
ISSN
Date
2012-08-13
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Between November 1997 and March 1998, heavy rains (the El Nino rains) dumped over 1.5 m on parts of Kenya. Many parts of the country were isolated for months and when the floods receded it was clear that the vital services-health delivery, transportation, and water supply-needed to be urgently restored. The World Bank was requested to assist in the massive recovery efforts. However, given that the Government of Kenya was slotted into a low case lending scenario by the Bank, it was only on an exceptional basis that the Bank agreed in July 1998 to approve the El Nino Emergency Credit for US$ 40.0 million (an additional US$ 37.5 million was reallocated from another existing credit towards the reconstruction of urban roads). Quarterly external audits were mandated in approving the credit. During the preparation of the El Nino Emergency Project (ENEP), it was agreed with the Government that the management of the project would be placed under a group of professionals hired from the private sector placed within the institutional structure of the Office of the President. The African Development Bank financed US$ 15 million equivalent and the Agence Francaise de Developpement an additional Euro 28 million of rehabilitation funds, all functioning under the same management structure and arrangements.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Gadek, Joseph. 2003. Kenya - Emergency Response to Rebuilding Flood-damaged Infrastructure. Africa Region Findings; No. 92. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9721 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Comunity Based Development and Infrastructure in Timor-Leste : Past Experiences and Future Opportunities(Washington, DC, 2012)This paper examines the opportunities, challenges and constraints of undertaking community-based development (CBD) programming in Timor-Leste, particularly through the lens of community-based provision of economically productive infrastructure. During an extended period of weak central governance in the aftermath of Timor Leste s turbulent independence struggle, external actors mainly foreign donor agencies and international NGOs broadly favoring a community-based approach played a dominant role in the country s reconstruction. In light of Timor Leste s political history and geographic isolation, it is not surprising that weak social capital and logistical obstacles have hampered CBD efforts, leaving Timor Leste with a mixed track record of success. Based on a longitudinal stock taking of CBD projects and face-to-face interviews with key actors in government, NGOs and the donor community, three specific initiatives are examined in detail with a view to elucidating key successes, constraints and opportunities as well as lessons learned that can inform the shifting policy environment.Publication Effective Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Infrastructure : Experiences from Aceh and Nias(World Bank, Jakarta, 2012-12)The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF) and the Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF) have played significant roles in the remarkable recovery of Aceh, Nias and Java, following some of the worst disasters in Indonesia in recent years. The MDF and the JRF, which is patterned after it, are each considered a highly successful model for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper discusses the value of a phased approach to post-disaster reconstruction as a successful means to manage short-term expectations while delivering long-lasting, results of high quality. The natural disasters of late 2004 and early 2005 left a trail of human loss and destruction in Aceh and Nias. There was huge pressure on all actors involved in the reconstruction process to act fast and get projects ready for implementation. The MDF adopted a phased approach to the reconstruction. The implementation of nearly all projects in the roads sub-sector was fully satisfactory, with positive economic benefits attributable to the various projects. Most of the projects under the MDF infrastructure portfolio placed significant emphasis on capacity building to enhance the sustainability of assets created. The MDF's experience in implementing its large-scale infrastructure program offers many lessons for future reconstruction efforts in similar contexts in Indonesia elsewhere.Publication Rekompak : Rebuilding Indonesia's Communities After Disasters(Jakarta, 2012-10)Rekompak is Indonesia's innovative community-based model for post-disaster housing reconstruction, created and adapted through the Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF) and the Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF) between 2005 and 2012. It was created as a consequence of the many devastating natural disasters that struck Indonesia between 2004 and 2010. The disasters caused massive loss of life and injuries and destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes, infrastructure facilities and livelihoods. In addition, more than one million people were displaced. The Government of lndonesia and development partners agreed that a community-based approach would be used for rebuilding houses and community infrastructure, first in Aceh and later in Java. This document presents the key elements of this approach and relays the experience and lessons learned in the course of implementing and scaling up the Rekompak housing reconstruction efforts in Aceh and Java. Rekompak built upon existing mechanisms and expertise and these were scaled up many-fold to meet reconstruction needs. While the concept of community-based reconstruction was not deemed to be the ideal method under the circumstances, it was implemented nonetheless, and its tremendous success is evidence of the efficacy and benefits of such a reconstruction model.Publication New Approaches for Medium-Scale Hydropower Development in Vietnam(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012-01-01)This paper provides an overview of the Trung Son hydropower project preparation experience and highlights the innovative features of the project, primarily focusing on the adoption of new approaches in project design and integration of social and environmental concerns. Through disseminating the Trung Son project experience, this paper is intended to contribute to the sustainable scale-up of medium scale hydropower in Vietnam, based on practical experience. This paper was funded by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) as part of a broader activity supporting sustainable hydropower development in Vietnam. Resources from the AusAID-East Asia infrastructure for growth trust fund supplemented those available to the World Bank task team in charge of the project. This paper is made up of three parts: Part A introduces the Trung Son hydropower project. Part B presents highlights from the Trung Son hydropower project, focusing on the main themes addressed during preparation. Part C contains the authors' conclusions about why the Trung Son hydropower project experience matters, and discusses the features that make it a good example for future scale-up of sustainable hydropower development in Vietnam as well as for hydropower development in other countries.Publication Applying Results-Based Financing in Water Investments(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-05)Given the broad array of issues and the complexity faced by the water sector as a whole (from irrigation to flood protection, to water conservation and hydropower), there is great demand for future exploring the potential of RBF and tackling the questions still unanswered about many of its operational dimensions. This document takes a closer look at some of the practical aspects of implementing various RBF water schemes. Chapter 2 provides an analytical framework to explore if and when RBF can be a viable option, shedding light on some key factors and preconditions that are necessary for RBF to work--with the understanding that it can be used either as an alternative or a complement to a more traditional input-based funding scheme. Chapter 3 then revisits the concepts discussed in the analytical framework through the analysis of various case studies of RBF approaches in different water-related areas. Some of the case studies are based on actual projects already implemented or ongoing, while others are an illustrative elaboration, given the lack of practical cases to use as sources. Chapter 4 presents some conclusions and lessons learned. The key challenges that are likely to be encountered in designing an RBF scheme deal with: the clarity and level of certainty of the relationships from input to output to outcomes (causal links); the ease and availability of measurable indicators; and, consequently, the optimal determination of the necessary incentive(s) to align the goals of the principal with the agents' deliverables. Appendix A presents a glossary of RBF concepts and acronyms. Appendix B presents specific results and indicators which may be relevant for different sectors.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication FY 2025 China Country Opinion Survey Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-08-04)The Country Opinion Survey in China assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in China perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in China on 1) their views regarding the general environment in China; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in China; 3) overall impressions of the WBG’s effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in China; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG’s future role in China.Publication The World Bank Group in Georgia, 2014-23(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-07-30)This Country Program Evaluation assesses the performance and effectiveness of the World Bank Group’s support to Georgia in achieving the country’s development objectives. In the decade leading up to the evaluation period, Georgia pursued economic reforms to attract critical investments for becoming a regional trade and transport hub. Ambitious economic reforms went hand in hand with efforts to improve human development and strengthening social protection systems. Growing geopolitical tensions and internal political polarization have challenged Georgia’s reform progress in recent years. The Bank Group’s strategy adapted well to Georgia’s development needs and was well coordinated with other development partners. It successfully employed a range of instruments to help increase competitiveness, growth, and job creation, and effectively contributed to improved infrastructure and increased trade by using programmatic and innovative approaches. The Bank Group’s regular investments in analytical work and the switch to results-based programmatic support helped improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education and health care systems. The IEG offers the following lessons based on the evidence and analysis in the Country Program Evaluation: (i) Prioritizing Bank Group support around the move towards deeper regional integration was an effective anchor for key economic reforms for economic convergence. (ii) Pursuing a selective and adaptive approach in a country with high implementation capacity and institutions, strong coordination among development partners, and access to a wide range of external resources can allow the Bank Group to exercise significant influence in areas of comparative advantage and global expertise. (iii) A stronger focus on outcome-based programmatic approaches helped to build local capacity and crowd-in partner financing.Publication Nigeria : Country Financial Accountability Assessment(Washington, DC, 2000-09-06)The Federal Government of Nigeria retains the vestiges of good systems for planning, budgeting, managing and controlling public resources. But their performance has deteriorated to such an extent that they provide negligible assurance that moneys are used entirely for their intended purpose. The same is true at the state level. To return to an acceptable level of financial accountability will require sustained action over several years. In the interim, risks of waste, diversion and misuse of funds are assessed as high. This has clear implications for both Government and the Bank: the former needs to improve financial accountability along the lines outlined in this report; and the latter needs to support this process and in the meantime to build explicit risk minimization actions into all its Nigerian operations. Among the recommendations presented for the public sector are to address: the calculation, control, management, protection, reporting and disclosure of national oil revenues; the adequacy of procedures for drawing money from the Consolidated Revenue Fund and for ensuring that transactions on accounts held at the Central Bank are properly authorized, managed and audited; the legal provisions requiring the public disclosure of assets and other valuable interests of public officials and politicians and the recovery of public sector assets illegally acquired; implementation and enforcement of the Anti-Corruption Act; and the legal provisions and enforcement arrangements for combating money laundering including the adequacy of central bank controls over commercial banks. Among the recommendations made to improve private sector participation are to: conduct a review of corporate governance and private sector financial accountability along the lines of the King Committee in South Africa; update the Companies and Allied Matters Act so that it reflects such principles and strengthens company audit; accelerate the issuance of accounting standards in areas where there are none at present but are available under International Accounting Standards (IASs) promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC); establish monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that all listed companies comply with national and IASs. In this regard, there is need to sufficiently strengthen the NASB's technical and professional capabilities; and ensure that the procedures for filing company information and providing public access to it are adequate.Publication Digital Africa(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13)All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.Publication The World Bank Group in Tanzania, Fiscal Years 2012–22(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-07-22)This evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Tanzania between Fiscal Years 2012 and 2022. Over the past decade, Tanzania has experienced resilient growth, with an average annual per capita GDP increase of 2.2%. However, poverty remains widespread and slow to decline, underscoring the need for more inclusive growth. The report examines the Bank Group's strategic and operational approaches during this period, which were aligned with Tanzania's development priorities and focused on industrialization, human development, and public sector reforms. The evaluation includes thematic chapters on the Bank Group's support for private sector-led growth and spatial transformation, as well as lessons to inform future support to the country.