Publication: Air Quality Analysis for Bishkek - PM2.5 Source Apportionment and Emission Reduction Measures
Loading...
Published
2024-08-02
ISSN
Date
2024-08-02
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Existing information and studies on air quality in Bishkek are limited and at times present contradictory information regarding the main sources of air pollution in the city. This study thus uses a scientific approach to identify the main sources of air pollution in Bishkek, estimate their relative contributions to PM2.5 concentrations, model the dispersion of PM2.5 pollution across the Bishkek airshed and assess the impact on PM2.5 concentrations of a range of emission reduction measures. The study’s results support the evidence base for the design of measures to improve air quality in Bishkek. This study aims to evaluate the air quality situation in Bishkek, focusing on PM2.5 pollution, which has the largest impact on human health, and to provide support for the design of measures to improve air quality in the city.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2024. Air Quality Analysis for Bishkek - PM2.5 Source Apportionment and Emission Reduction Measures. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/41995 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Environmental Priorities and Poverty Reduction : A Country Environmental Analysis for Colombia(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007)The analysis of the cost of environmental degradation conducted as part of the country environmental analysis (CEA) shows that the most costly problems associated with environmental degradation are urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; natural disasters (such as flooding and landslides); and land degradation. The burden of these costs falls most heavily on vulnerable segments of the population. To address these problems, this report identifies a number of cost-effective policy interventions that could be adopted in the short and medium terms to support sustainable development goals. In recent decades, considerable progress has been made in addressing the water and the forestry environmental agendas. The impact of environmental degradation on the most vulnerable groups suggests the need to increase emphasis on environmental health issues. However, the environmental management agenda has yet to catch up with this shift in priorities from watershed and forestry to environmental health problems because mechanisms in the current institutional structure to signal these changes are not yet in place. Improved monitoring and dissemination of information on environmental outcomes, assignment of accountability for environmental actions and outcomes, and involvement of a broad range of stakeholders are three important mechanisms to allow these signals to be picked up.Publication Senegal : Country Environmental Analysis(Washington, DC, 2008-11-12)The main objective of the Senegal Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) is to reinforce the ongoing dialogue on environmental issues between the World Bank and the Government of Senegal. The CEA also aims to support the ongoing Government implementation of a strategic results-based planning process at the Environment Ministry (MEPNBRLA). The main goal is to enable Senegal to have the necessary tools to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and manage its natural resources and environment in a sustainable manner that contributes sharing wealth and reducing poverty. The CEA presents a review of national environmental priorities and the institutional framework for managing these priorities. The CEA also proposes recommendations about reforms that could be implemented with the support of international development partners. This final CEA report includes three sections to encourage discussion on the observations made from the analysis and the suggested recommendations: a) section one summarizes the main environmental issues identified in the CEA (institutional framework for environmental management, sustainable management of terrestrial ecosystems, management of water resources, management of fisheries, and urban environmental management in Dakar. Other environmental issues are also tackled in this section, urban environmental management in regions, waste management, management of coastal zones, and management of retention basins and artificial lakes; b) section two analyzes each of the issues and singles out specific observations and recommendations about institutional and legal reforms and ways to improve management; and c) section three summarizes the operational recommendations drawn from the previous section according to the main environmental issues identified in the CEA framework.Publication Implementing the Agenda of the Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism : A Rapid Country Environmental Analysis with a Public Expenditure Review for Aligning Policy, Institutional and Financing Priorities(Washington, DC, 2008-12)This report is organized around three thematic chapters. Chapter one looks at the contribution of the environment and tourism sector to the Namibian economy as well as at some key achievements and challenges. Chapter two describes the policy and legislative framework, and the institutional analysis of the environment and tourism sector. Chapter three examines the financing of the sector and some key budget management issues. And finally in chapter four of volume one, a set of recommendations and short- and medium-term actions are proposed that aim to assist the Ministry in the implementation of its up-coming work programs as well as the strategic plan. Chapter four of volume two includes the assessment of the financing of the sector at the local level using the example of the Erongo Region.Publication Assessing Technologies to Accelerate the Process of Monitoring, Reporting, and Verifying Emission Reductions Programs(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-02-11)This study explored the use of a state-of-the-art collection of high-quality in situ datasets, following best practices13 to inform biomass estimates derived through remote sensing. The intention was to circumvent (1) the challenge of extrapolating data coverage from plot-level to satellite-level (for example, for the entire ERP area) and (2) the limitations of using allometric equations to estimate biomass from national forest inventories. The ASA also explored a novel method of creating data synergies within a 50,000-hectare (ha) region of interest. It was expected that these processes would improve the accuracy and bias of estimates so they could be extrapolated to the larger ERP area with the support of colleagues from Sylvera.Publication Strengthening Policy Dialogue on Environment : Learning from Five Years of Country Environmental Analysis(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-02)The objective of this paper is to review experience with completed country environmental analysis (CEAs) to improve the effectiveness of CEAs as a strategic analytical tool. Through in-depth analysis of the process, methodologies, costs, and results of completed CEA pilots, the paper assesses how effective CEAs have been in informing and providing strategic guidance to the Bank and client countries on environment-development issues and the extent to which they have facilitated donor coordination. The analysis carried out in this paper also provides feedback on when to prepare a CEA, how to prepare and structure CEAs, and how to use specific methodologies and processes in influencing policy dialogue with partner countries. The findings are of potential interest to World Bank sector managers, country directors, CEA task teams, and environmental staff, but also to development partners who carry out work similar to CEAs. The paper is based on a desk review of completed CEAs and on interviews with task managers and members of CEA teams. Several reports, including a fieldwork-based assessment of the Ghana, India, and Guatemala CEAs commissioned by the Environment Department; a review on Tunisia by the Quality Assurance Group (QAG); and a report commissioned by the Latin America and Caribbean Region, based on in-country assessments of completed CEAs, have also informed this study. A detailed case study analysis of each completed CEA was prepared for this exercise; it substantively informed the review and is available as a background paper. The original CEA concept note proposed that CEAs have three main building blocks: (a) establishment of environment-development priorities linked with growth and poverty reduction, (b) assessment of the environmental implications of sector policies, and (c) institutional analysis. Assessing CEAs against this building block structure, the review highlights several findings.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Argentina Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11)The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.Publication Côte d’Ivoire Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-02)Le présent CCDR comporte trois messages principaux: (i) En premier lieu, le maintien du statu quo ne permettra plus de soutenir la croissance économique de la Côte d'Ivoire et ses ambitions de devenir un pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche supérieure à l’horizon 2030, tout en réduisant considérablement la pauvreté. Toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, et dans le cadre d’un scénario de climat sec/plus chaud, le changement climatique devrait réduire le produit intérieur brut (PIB) réel de 13 pour cent d’ici à 2050, ce qui empêcherait 1,63 million de personnes de s’affranchir de la pauvreté. Quoique dispendieuses, les mesures d’adaptation peuvent potentiellement compenser une grande partie de l’impact négatif du climat, notamment sur les populations démunies; (ii) Deuxièmement, des secteurs économiques clés, dont le cacao et l’énergie, courent le risque de connaître des contre-performances si aucune mesure n’est prise maintenant même pour faire face aux impacts climatiques et tirer parti des mutations technologiques ou des changements réglementaires. En outre, les centres urbains, qui sont des pôles économiques, sont exposés aux dommages climatiques subis par les infrastructures et aux pertes considérables de moyens de subsistance subies par les populations démunies vivant dans des communautés à faibles revenus. Des menaces planent également sur les routes, les réseaux numériques et les autres infrastructures qui assurent l’interconnectivité au plan national, garantissant l’efficacité des déplacements et l’accès aux marchés et aux services; (iii) Troisièmement, la Côte d'Ivoire n’est pas actuellement prête à faire face aux conséquences du changement climatique. Sa capacité d’adaptation en est encore à ses balbutiements, ses institutions et sa coordination de l’action en faveur du climat sont fragmentaires, et ses politiques et programmes ne sont pas à la hauteur du défi climatique auquel sont confrontées les populations vulnérables. Entre-temps, la mise en œuvre des stratégies et plans existants reste limitée. Les composantes réglementaires, institutionnelles et climatiques nécessaires à la gestion des impacts climatiques doivent être revues ou mises en place. Certes, la croissance du secteur privé a connu une tendance positive, mais elle n’atteint pas encore son potentiel en termes de portée et d’échelle, si bien qu’elle doit encore se développer pour jouer son rôle essentiel à l’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique et à leur atténuation.Publication Comoros Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-18)The Union of the Comoros (The Comoros) has significant vulnerability to climate change-related risks but has considerable opportunities to strengthen preparedness and resilience against these challenges. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, the Comoros is the 29th-most vulnerable country to climate change and the 163rd most ready to adapt (out of 191). The Comoros archipelago is exposed to many natural hazards that adversely affect the country’s natural capital, people, and physical infrastructure. In 2014, the economic cost of climate-related disasters was estimated at 5.7 million dollars annually, equivalent to 9.2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Between 2018 and 2023, as many as 11 tropical depressions or cyclones impacted the country, with Cyclone Kenneth causing the greatest damage, equivalent to 14 percent of GDP, resulting in total economic growth falling from 3.6 percent in 2018 to 1.9 percent in 2019. More than 345,000 people (40 percent of the population) were affected by the cyclone, with 185,000 people experiencing severe impacts and 12,000 people displaced. However, there is an opportunity for the country to grow more robust and shock-responsive, and to establish pre-positioned funding mechanisms to enhance future crisis response efforts. For the Comoros, adaptation and climate-resilient development are the key climate change focus areas, with the country projected to face 836 million dollars 2050 in additional costs due to climate-related impacts. Current plans to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the Comoros include efforts to improve water management, strengthen coastal protection, and develop climate-smart agriculture practices. Given the country’s reliance on its natural resource base for economic growth and mobility, protection of these resources from climate change will be essential for promoting resilient growth and development. In addition to growing the adaptive capacity of the country’s natural resource sectors, strategic economic diversification will be important to help minimize future climate impacts, and development activities will need to be undertaken in such a way as to attract low-carbon co-benefits. The Union of the Comoros is committed to addressing climate change through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and national priorities. The country’s NDC (which was revised in 2021 for a ten-year horizon) sets ambitious targets, with a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent by 2030. The country also plans to significantly increase the share of renewable energy in its energy portfolio, reaching 33 MW by 2030. This will not only promote low-carbon development but also reduce the country’s dependency on imported oil and coal, which currently make up 95 percent of the energy mix. Additionally, the Comoros has declared its intention to increase CO2 removals by 47 percent by 2030, compared to BAU.Publication Dominican Republic Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-30)The Dominican Republic has made significant progress in boosting economic growth and reducing poverty, but it still faces challenges to achieve inclusive and equitable development, increase productivity, and improve the competitiveness and sustainability of primary sectors like agriculture, water, tourism, and energy. The National Development Strategy (NDS) and the National Multi‑Year Public Sector Plan (NPSP) aim to address development and climate challenges and promote a green, inclusive and resilient future. The DR is highly vulnerable to climate change, which is likely to compound existing development challenges. By 2050, climate change impacts are expected to decrease labor productivity and affect health, crop yields, tourism, infrastructure capital, and natural ecosystems such as forests and coastal areas. Climate change also poses risks to the financial system such as the banking sector's heightened credit exposure to tropical cyclones and droughts. Although the DR has a small carbon footprint, the country's GHG emissions have been rising, mainly in the energy, waste, and agricultural sectors. Fostering a low‑carbon growth path can support the country's climate change goals while bringing important development co‑benefits. The Dominican Republic CCDR employs a version of the MANAGE model. This CCDR further extends the model to incorporate the path of emissions from key sectors (transport, energy, AFOLU), and to incorporate DR‑specific climate damage functions to introduce the impact of climate change on the economy.Publication Egypt Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11-08)This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores the challenges and opportunities of improving the alignment of Egypt’s development goals with its climate ambition. The CCDR offers a set of policy options and investment opportunities that, if implemented within five years, can deliver short-term benefits in selected sectors while also creating momentum toward important long-term benefits. The options identified in this report provide: Cost-effective adaptation approaches to reduce the negative impacts of climate change; Policy interventions to improve efficiency in the use of natural resources, and complement the creation of fiscal space to finance projects that reduce the vulnerability of people and the economy to climate shocks; Actions that can help avoid carbon lock-in through low-cost policy changes; Interventions to strengthen the country’s competitiveness while reducing negative externalities (such as pollution) and incentivize Egypt’s move towards a low carbon growth path in a manner consistent with its development objectives. Overall, the report identifies opportunities to reduce inefficiencies, manage risk, and strengthen the foundation for increased private sector participation.