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Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-08-23) Seitz, William

This study demonstrates systematic bias against women in public perceptions of the fairness of wages. In nationally representative survey experiments across more than 70,000 individual vignettes posed to 4,500 respondents in three Central Asian countries, respondents were 13 percent more likely to say wages were “too high” when the randomly assigned person described in the vignette (subject) was a woman, and 34 percent more likely to say they were “too low” when the subject was a man. The pattern of bias favoring higher wages for men is statistically significant at conventional levels in all three countries, among both male and female respondents, and in each of the eight occupations studied. The results also demonstrate the presence of significant bias in favor or older workers, specifically for white-collar occupations, and the absence of this relationship for the blue-collar occupations included in the experiment. The findings reinforce the importance of bias as a contributing factor to the gender pay gap, and the value of equal pay regulations to prevent gender discrimination in wage setting.
Landscape Restoration Opportunities in the Naryn River Basin, the Kyrgyz Republic: Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM) Report

(Washington, DC, 2023-03) World Bank

This report outlines the main results of the study based on the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM) conducted in the Naryn River Basin, the Kyrgyz Republic. This assessment identifies degraded forest and pasture areas, considers the potential correlation between land degradation and sedimentation in hydropower reservoirs, and proposes feasible and effective landscape restoration measures for the Naryn River Basin. The study also presents several recommendations to fast-track the implementation of proposed interventions for the Naryn River Basin and scale up to other degraded areas throughout the country.
Kazakhstan Country Climate and Development Report

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11) World Bank Group

The World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are new core diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and development considerations. The CCDR for Kazakhstan identifies ways that Kazakhstan can achieve its development objectives while fostering the transition to a more green, resilient, and inclusive development pathway. It sets out policy reforms and investments needed to build resilience to climate change impacts and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while creating a more diversified, competitive and sustainable economy.
Towards a Greener Economy in Uzbekistan

(Washington, DC, 2022-08) World Bank ; Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan

This report is an extended Country Environmental Assessment that identifies key issues and priorities for action as Uzbekistan transitions to a sustainable and inclusive market economy. Land degradation, water stress, and air pollution from particulate matter are the main environmental issues, with additional socio-economic risks to the country from its high energy and carbon intensity and the impact of climate change on vulnerable communities. The report analyzes strategies for greening the economic transition, including resource efficiency and landscape restoration, the low-carbon transition, resilience against natural disasters and climate change, urban air quality and sustainable cities, green employment and public institutions, and green finance. Additional follow-up studies to inform detailed policy formulation and action include distributional analysis, adaptation strategy and planning, a Long-Term Decarbonization Strategy, and Climate Change Institutional Assessment, among others.
Strengthening Hydromet and Multi-hazard Early Warning Services in Uzbekistan: A Road Map

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-08) World Bank Group

The road map presents a potential pathway to strengthen Uzbekistan’s national hydrometeorological (hydromet) and multi-hazard early warning systems and services, based on the needs of the user community. It is based on a technical evaluation and assessment of the needs and capacities of Uzhydromet which, as the main service provider in Uzbekistan, issues meteorological and hydrological information, forecasts and warnings. This road map identifies gaps and challenges in the production and delivery of weather, climate, and hydrological information and services, and proposes a strategy for improving the country’s institutional capacity in support of saving lives, protecting property and livelihoods, and social and economic development
Clean Air and Cool Planet, Volume II: Integrated Air Quality Management and Greenhouse Gas Reduction for Almaty and Nur-Sultan

(Washington, DC, 2022-07) World Bank

The report synthesizes key findings and recommendations of a study carried out under the World Bank’s Advisory Services and Analytics Program, ‘Central Asia: Climate and Environment Program,’ which aims to strengthen the capacity of Central Asian countries to achieve sustainable and resilient economic growth. It builds on a previous World Bank report, which provided the first national-level approximation of primary sources of air pollution in Kazakhstan. This city-level study highlights how potential synergies between air quality improvement and greenhouse gas reduction measures can be enhanced in a cost-effective manner. To identify and maximize these synergies and assess the measures’ cost-effectiveness at the city level, the study developed two new extensions to the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model—GAINS-City and GAINS-Policy and applied them in Almaty and Nur-Sultan, two major cities in Kazakhstan, for the first time. The report delivers evidence of the main causes of premature deaths from air pollution in Almaty and Nur-Sultan and offers guidance on cost-effective solutions to prevent them while making the cities better prepared for a low-carbon future. It provides high-level roadmaps for the cities' integrated air quality management and climate change mitigation to maximize synergies and manage tradeoffs. It proposes sequencing of actions until 2030 to save lives from poor air quality while facilitating long-term phase out of fossil fuels. Moreover, the report analyzes the need for policy reforms to incentivize implementation of cost-effective integrated measures by private economic actors. The report recognizes that reprioritizing policy actions slightly to maximize climate benefits may require some additional air quality management actions to address the unacceptably high burden that exposure to PM2.5 currently places on public health.
Recommendations for a National FDI Strategy and Roadmap for Uzbekistan: New Sources of Growth

(Washington, DC, 2022-06) World Bank

The development of a new foreign direct investment (FDI) strategy for Uzbekistan comes at an important moment to support Uzbekistan’s new development objectives. The report provides core inputs and elements for the government of Uzbekistan to develop a new FDI strategy and roadmap to unlock new sources of growth. It leverages an assessment of Uzbekistan’s historical FDI performance and policy context and provides an analysis of current megatrends affecting the global landscape for FDI to identify sectors with high growth potential for FDI attraction in Uzbekistan. It articulates a vision and specific objectives related to FDI attraction for Uzbekistan and presents explicit, quantifiable objectives and targets to help maximize the contribution of FDI to Uzbekistan’s overall economic development goals. It considers relevant historical FDI trends as well as regional and global FDI trends and provides in-depth analysis of the feasibility and desirability of key sectors for FDI attraction that were selected with guidance from the government. To support effective implementation, the presented strategy should be underpinned by a detailed reform action plan and roadmap and a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework that can be applied by the government to monitor progress with implementing the FDI strategy.
World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery

(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-02-15) World Bank

World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery examines the central role of finance in the economic recovery from COVID-19. Based on an in-depth look at the consequences of the crisis most likely to affect low- and middle-income economies, it advocates a set of policies and measures to mitigate the interconnected economic risks stemming from the pandemic—risks that may become more acute as stimulus measures are withdrawn at both the domestic and global levels. Those policies include the efficient and transparent management of nonperforming loans to mitigate threats to financial stability, insolvency reforms to allow for the orderly reduction of unsustainable debts, innovations in risk management and lending models to ensure continued access to credit for households and businesses, and improvements in sovereign debt management to preserve the ability of governments to support an equitable recovery.
The World Bank Annual Report 2022: Helping Countries Adapt to a Changing World

(Washington, DC : World Bank, 2022) World Bank

The Annual Report is prepared by the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)--collectively known as the World Bank--in accordance with the by-laws of the two institutions. The President of the IBRD and IDA and the Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors submit the Report, together with the accompanying administrative budgets and audited financial statements, to the Board of Governors.
Green Growth and Climate Change in Uzbekistan Policy Dialogue Series: A Compendium of Proceedings

(Washington, DC : World Bank, 2022) World Bank

Over the last few decades, Uzbekistan’s remarkable economic growth has been largely fueled by resource extraction and the mining and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Yet, this progress has come at a high price. The country’s economy is now the fifth most intensive in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world and the most intensive in Europe and Central Asia due to a fossil-fuel heavy energy mix, an energy-intensive industrial sector, and low energy efficiency across the sectors. Like the rest of Central Asia, Uzbekistan is also highly vulnerable to climate change. Recently, many regions in Uzbekistan, including Tashkent, experienced an unprecedented sand and dust storm, the worst in 150 years of recorded history. Green transition is also important for the people of Uzbekistan, who are the most vulnerable to climate change. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has added yet another shock to the compounding impacts of many challenges that vulnerable populations already face, with the potential to create devastating health, social, economic, and environmental crises that can leave a deep and long-lasting mark. Today, Uzbekistan recognizes a unique opportunity to overcome limits to growth under its current development pattern and to strengthen its economic competitiveness in a global marketplace that has become more climate and environmentally aware. Pursuing a green transition with widespread benefits requires a whole-of-society approach that considers a broad range of stakeholders. To that end, the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan (MEDPR), The World Bank, and the Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia (CAREC) jointly held a series of public policy dialogues on green growth and climate change. The World Bank Group remains committed to continuing to be a trusted partner of the government Uzbekistan. Summaries of the eleven policy dialogue roundtables presented in this compendium should inspire many other countries in Europe and Central Asia to follow Uzbekistan’s lead on this agenda.