Publication: Social Norms and Gender Disparities with a Focus on Female Labor Force Participation in South Asia
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Date
2023-09-23
ISSN
0257-3032 (print)
1564-6971 (online)
1564-6971 (online)
Published
2023-09-23
Author(s)
Ezebuihe, Jessy Amarachi
Muñoz Boudet, Ana Maria
Poupakis, Stavros
Rahman, Tasmia
Sarma, Nayantara
Editor(s)
Abstract
Despite decades of economic growth, gender disparities in South Asia remain remarkably high. Although not the only one, social norms are a crucial driver of various gender outcomes, including differential economic participation. Using repeated cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys, this study explores long-term trends across gender outcomes and social norms(contrasting attitudes and social normative expectations towards gender roles) in South Asia. The results corroborate the evidence that there has been almost no progress in gender disparities in South Asia over the past half-century. There has been little progress in female labor force participation, age at first birth, agency, and intimate partner violence, while (basic) education is an important exception. The lack of progress is apparent among all layers of society, including women who live in urban areas, are educated, and have higher incomes. Gender attitudes also remain unchanged, while for some issues, they have become more conservative and have a negative relationship with gender outcomes. This negative relationship is even stronger when social normative expectations are considered. More data on social norms and a better understanding of their constraining role may be critical for achieving gender equality in the region.
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“Bussolo, Maurizio; Ezebuihe, Jessy Amarachi; Muñoz Boudet, Ana Maria; Poupakis, Stavros; Rahman, Tasmia; Sarma, Nayantara. 2023. Social Norms and Gender Disparities with a Focus on Female Labor Force Participation in South Asia. World Bank Research Observer. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/41270 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO .”
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