Publication: Offshore Wind Development Program: Offshore Wind Roadmap for Romania
Loading...
Other Files
43 downloads
Date
2024-10-09
ISSN
Published
2024-10-09
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Globally, offshore wind (OSW) technology delivers large volumes of energy from GW-scale projects at prices competitive with those of new-build conventional generation technologies. Romania already has 3 GW of installed onshore wind capacity and a sufficiently vigorous offshore wind resource that could produce more energy than Romania will ever need. This report highlights the potential for up to 7 GW of OSW capacity, located at least 50 km from shore and mostly in relatively shallow water, that could be constructed from the early 2030s, using Romania’s well-equipped port facilities, steel-based supply chain and other local workers. Although the Black Sea is not as windy as much of the sea area in northern Europe, it is likely that a regional market will establish, with the development of projects in the exclusive economic zones of Bulgaria, Türkiye and Ukraine. The regional and the global OSW markets will offer further opportunities for Romanian suppliers. Environmental impacts are a key consideration, beyond the reduction in carbon dioxide production and water use relative to conventional generation technologies. A key uncertainty in Romania in this regard is around avian migration routes to/from the wetlands of the Danube Delta.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2024. Offshore Wind Development Program: Offshore Wind Roadmap for Romania. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42233 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Offshore Wind Development Program(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-11-25)This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in Türkiye, considering the opportunities and challenges under different, hypothetical, growth scenarios. It is intended to provide evidence to support the Government of Türkiye in establishing policy, regulations, processes, and infrastructure to enable successful growth of this new industry.Publication China - Meeting the Challenges of Offshore and Large-Scale Wind Power : Regulatory Review of Offshore Wind in Five European Countries(World Bank, 2010-05-01)The objective of this study is to review international experience in offshore wind power development and draw on the lessons learned from the experience of different countries. To date, that experience has predominantly been limited to Europe. Significantly different regulatory and physical planning approaches have been taken in the different countries. Hence, the experience is particularly helpful in providing suggestions for a new market. The study focuses on describing the past, present, and planned future regulatory regime in each country. Both positive and negative experiences to date have been explored in the context of regulatory arrangements, and they have been used to draw general conclusions on the characteristics of the most effective systems. At the same time, it has been recognized throughout that a single model is unlikely to provide the 'best fit' for all countries, given national differences. Chapters two, three, and four, focusing on market development, targets and incentives, and regulatory framework, respectively, provide background information on each country studied. These chapters are primarily descriptive in nature. Chapter five provides a discussion of the lessons that can be learned from the experience in each national market, as well as the underlying incentives (or drivers) for overcoming barriers and deploying offshore wind capacity in each case. Chapter six draws this experience together as it identifies and summarizes recurring themes and uses them to develop suggested best practice for the regulation of offshore wind. A glossary is included that explains important terms and abbreviations used within the report. The appendixes summarize the actual consenting experience in a number of countries.Publication Making Offshore Wind Work(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-10)This report distils experiences from established offshore wind markets into key success factors to help emerging markets build successful offshore wind sectors. It is designed to share international good practice while recognizing the unique contexts of each country. The key factors described here are, therefore, directional rather than prescriptive. This resource has been developed for government officials and stakeholders in low- and middle-income countries. However, many of the issues and key factors are equally applicable to other countries. Any country interested in exploiting its offshore wind energy resources needs to answer the fundamental question “should we develop offshore wind?” The answer to this question will vary from one country to another, depending on the country’s priorities and the feasibility and viability of offshore wind in that country. Before embarking on a journey towards offshore wind deployment, it is important for governments to consider how offshore wind could fit into the country’s long-term energy strategy. Separate guidance on the topic of feasibility is available. The development of an offshore wind sector relies on many different stakeholders playing important and complementary roles; from politicians setting out strategies to port owners planning new facilities. As such, the report highlights information relevant to each stakeholder group while also providing a holistic understanding of how the different parts are woven into the big picture.Publication Strengthening the Non-Conventional and Rural Energy Development Program in the Philippines : A Policy Framework and Action Plan(Washington, DC, 2001-08)As articulated in the new energy plan for 1999-2008, the key sector objectives for the Philippines energy sector remain security of energy supply, affordable prices, and an energy infrastructure compatible with broader social and environmental objectives. Ths report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 briefly lays out the social, environmental, and economic justifications for developing non-renewable energy resources (NRE) against the backdrop of privatization and reform of the energy sector. It reviews the experience with NRE from the 1970s to the present, highlighting some important lessons learned from both successful and failed initiatives. Chapter 2 reviews the commercial status and current and expected costs internationally of NRE technologies of potential usefulness. It distinguishes between immediate and long-term potential, small- and large-scale systems, and rural and urban applications, as well as reviewing the status of several off-grid and grid-connected technologies. Chapter 3 examines how existing and impending policies, legislation, incentives, procedures, and institutional arrangements affect, positively or negatively, the commercialization of NRE in the Philippines. Chapter 4 outlines near-term investment possibilities in off-grid electrification and large-scale wind power. The final chapter outlines some specific actions that need to be taken to pursue the priority investments identified. the chapter then reviews multilateral and bilateral assistance.Publication The World Bank Group in Ukraine, 2012–20 - Country Program Evaluation(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-11-08)This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) reviews the World Bank Group’s partnership with Ukraine during 2012–20. While the evaluation was completed by the time hostilities broke out in Ukraine in February 2022, its disclosure was halted until now given the extraordinary situation in the country. IEG adapted the lessons identified in the CPE to more directly inform the World Bank Group’s support for recovery and reconstruction in Ukraine. The report especially focuses on three of the main challenges faced by Ukraine during the evaluation period in which the Bank Group played a significant role: governance and anticorruption; crisis response and economic resilience; and energy security and efficiency.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Global Economic Prospects, January 2025(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-01-16)Global growth is expected to hold steady at 2.7 percent in 2025-26. However, the global economy appears to be settling at a low growth rate that will be insufficient to foster sustained economic development—with the possibility of further headwinds from heightened policy uncertainty and adverse trade policy shifts, geopolitical tensions, persistent inflation, and climate-related natural disasters. Against this backdrop, emerging market and developing economies are set to enter the second quarter of the twenty-first century with per capita incomes on a trajectory that implies substantially slower catch-up toward advanced-economy living standards than they previously experienced. Without course corrections, most low-income countries are unlikely to graduate to middle-income status by the middle of the century. Policy action at both global and national levels is needed to foster a more favorable external environment, enhance macroeconomic stability, reduce structural constraints, address the effects of climate change, and thus accelerate long-term growth and development.Publication World Development Report 2017(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017-01-30)Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? And why do some bad policies endure? This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. The process of these interactions is what this Report calls governance, and the space in which these interactions take place, the policy arena. The capacity of actors to commit and their willingness to cooperate and coordinate to achieve socially desirable goals are what matter for effectiveness. However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. Exclusion, capture, and clientelism are manifestations of power asymmetries that lead to failures to achieve security, growth, and equity. The distribution of power in society is partly determined by history. Yet, there is room for positive change. This Report reveals that governance can mitigate, even overcome, power asymmetries to bring about more effective policy interventions that achieve sustainable improvements in security, growth, and equity. This happens by shifting the incentives of those with power, reshaping their preferences in favor of good outcomes, and taking into account the interests of previously excluded participants. These changes can come about through bargains among elites and greater citizen engagement, as well as by international actors supporting rules that strengthen coalitions for reform.Publication Groundswell Part 2(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-09-13)This sequel to the Groundswell report includes projections and analysis of internal climate migration for three new regions: East Asia and the Pacific, North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Qualitative analyses of climate-related mobility in countries of the Mashreq and in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are also provided. This new report builds on the scenario-based modeling approach of the previous Groundswell report from 2018, which covered Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. The two reports’ combined findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the potential scale of internal climate migration across the six regions, allowing for a better understanding of how slow-onset climate change impacts, population dynamics, and development contexts shape mobility trends. They also highlight the far-sighted planning needed to meet this challenge and ensure positive and sustainable development outcomes. The combined results across the six regions show that without early and concerted climate and development action, as many as 216 million people could move within their own countries due to slow-onset climate change impacts by 2050. They will migrate from areas with lower water availability and crop productivity and from areas affected by sea-level rise and storm surges. Hotspots of internal climate migration could emerge as early as 2030 and continue to spread and intensify by 2050. The reports also finds that rapid and concerted action to reduce global emissions, and support green, inclusive, and resilient development, could significantly reduce the scale of internal climate migration.Publication Breaking the Conflict Trap : Civil War and Development Policy(Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003)Most wars are now civil wars. Even though international wars attract enormous global attention, they have become infrequent and brief. Civil wars usually attract less attention, but they have become increasingly common and typically go on for years. This report argues that civil war is now an important issue for development. War retards development, but conversely, development retards war. This double causation gives rise to virtuous and vicious circles. Where development succeeds, countries become progressively safer from violent conflict, making subsequent development easier. Where development fails, countries are at high risk of becoming caught in a conflict trap in which war wrecks the economy and increases the risk of further war. The global incidence of civil war is high because the international community has done little to avert it. Inertia is rooted in two beliefs: that we can safely 'let them fight it out among themselves' and that 'nothing can be done' because civil war is driven by ancestral ethnic and religious hatreds. The purpose of this report is to challenge these beliefs.Publication World Bank Annual Report 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-25)This annual report, which covers the period from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024, has been prepared by the Executive Directors of both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)—collectively known as the World Bank—in accordance with the respective bylaws of the two institutions. Ajay Banga, President of the World Bank Group and Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors, has submitted this report, together with the accompanying administrative budgets and audited financial statements, to the Board of Governors.