Energy Study
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Publication
Offshore Wind Roadmap for the Philippines
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-04-18)This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in the Philippines, considering the opportunities and challenges under different, hypothetical growth scenarios. The goal is to provide evidence to support the Government of the Philippines in establishing policy, regulations, processes, and infrastructure to enable successful growth of this new industry. The roadmap was initiated by the World Bank country team in the Philippines under the umbrella of the World Bank Group’s (WBG’s) Offshore Wind Development Program—which aims to accelerate offshore wind development in emerging markets—and was funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC). -
Publication
Energy Sector Baseline Study in the Kakuma-Kalobeyei Refugee-Hosting Area in Kenya
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-03)Kakuma as a marketplace, a 2018 consumer and market study of Kakuma refugee camp in northwest Kenya, estimates that Kakuma camp and its hosting community have 2,100 refugee-owned businesses and are worth 56 million dollars based on household consumption. This study provides information for businesses in the energy sector to help them assess opportunities for providing or expanding energy services in the Kakuma and Kalobeyei areas; it also provides insights to inform International Finance Corporation (IFC) interventions. The study maps the supply of and demand for energy for lighting, cooking, and productive use among households and businesses in the camp and examines the regulatory environment affecting the energy sector. -
Publication
Renewable Energy Development in China: A 40-Year China-World Bank Partnership
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-12-03)China’s remarkable economic growth required dramatic growth of energy consumption and continuous changes in the nation’s energy economy. The World Bank supported the efforts of the Chinese government to develop and revitalize the country’s energy sector to meet the daunting challenges it faced while continuously warning that the unrestrained reliance on coal would lead to unsustainable stress on the local and global environment. In mid-1980s, the Chinese government and the World Bank embarked on a long and arduous journey to develop renewable energy (RE) to lessen the impacts on the environment and avoid excessive reliance on coal to alleviate the debilitating power shortages that constrained the economy. This paper focuses on the more than 40-year partnership with the World Bank along China’s long journey to develop a large-scale, efficient, and competitive RE industry in the country and globally. While the projects supported by the World Bank and their role are highlighted in this paper, this support should only be seen as a catalyst. The remarkable development of renewable energy in China was primarily guided by the multiple Chinese authorities at the national, provincial, and county levels, implemented by the many public and private companies, and fueled by local financing institutions. The paper is structured along the four stages of RE development in China, which are detailed in a companion report. It highlights the key milestones of this partnership, its achievements, and challenges, detailing World Bank support and main activities that contributed to China’s rise from a lagger to a leader. -
Publication
China: 40-Year Experience in Energy Efficiency Development - Policies, Achievements, and Lessons Learned
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-12-03)China has developed one of the most comprehensive and effective sets of energy efficiency policies and programs in the world. This has been an arduous task over decades, involving the government, businesses, and civil society. Although success has abounded in many areas, China’s programs are not perfect, and the development process has often been one of improving, adjusting, and reinforcing. Some of the strengths of China’s effort have been (a) good organization, (b) focus on overcoming implementation difficulties at local levels as well as development of national policies and programs, (c) an effective blending of market-based energy efficiency investment and service mechanisms with new law-based regulations, and (d) investments in institutional development to provide the foundation for long-term gains. The process, experience, and results of the 40-year effort provide an amazingly rich bank of lessons for other countries with aspirations for energy efficiency gains, which this report strives to describe. One of the most telling macro indicators of China’s success is the reversal of a trend of increasing energy use per unit GDP beginning in 2006 and continuing thereafter, delinking growth in energy consumption from growth in GDP. Energy use per unit GDP had fallen during the 1980s and 1990s, in part due to energy conservation efforts but mainly due to economic structural change as China’s economy began to mature. This changed in the early 2000s, however, as yet more rapid industrial growth brought increases in China’s energy intensity. China’s leadership recognized that this continued resource-intensive development over the long haul was physically almost impossible, economically inferior, and environmentally unacceptable. With calls to build a less resource-intensive society, the country sharply increased its efforts to improve energy efficiency, building on past programs and adding new ones in a comprehensive effort. The focus was on achieving results. The trend of increasing energy intensity was bent downward, and energy intensity began to decline again, even as rapid industrial and economic growth continued. -
Publication
China: 40-Year Experience in Renewable Energy Development - Policies, Achievements, and Lessons Learned
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-12-03)China made impressive progress in developing renewable energy to provide access to clean energy and electricity to its predominantly rural population before the economic boom that followed the open door policy, by improving energy supply to the economy as the country industrialized and urbanized at an extremely fast pace and finally by fighting debilitating local pollution and mitigating the impact of climate change. Through that journey, China has accumulated a considerable amount of experience and learned many lessons. Its evolution from a low-income to a middle-high income country and its wide geographical diversity brought about extensive challenges, many of which are similar to those facing a wide range of developing countries who are willing to further rely on renewable energy to address their energy needs. This report attempts to present the Chinese rich and diversified experience and draw the lessons learned that may inform decision-making in these countries. -
Publication
Global Perspective on Coal Jobs and Managing Labor Transition out of Coal: Key Issues and Policy Responses
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2021-12-01)*Note: Revised version published on March 25, 2022* The widely shared objective of transition to cleaner energy and reduced dependence on coal presents tremendous challenges, not only to coal sector producers and workers, but because of the broader implications for other sectors in coal-producing nations. A large proportion of energy infrastructure is built around coal-fired power plants (even in non-coal producing countries), economic production structures are energy-intensive, and coal value chains are long. In regions where coal mining takes place, the effects of transition cut very deeply, especially in small, remote mining communities where the local economy depends on coal. The transition can create multiple disruptions: to jobs - both direct and indirect, to household incomes, to local economies heavily tied into the coal supply chain, to community well-being and social capital, and to local and regional government capacity and fiscal solvency. This issues paper analyzes the status of coal phase-out around the world, the magnitude and character of coal mining jobs and their spillovers in local economies, and the challenges associated with future labor transition. This report is part of a broader multi-sector effort by the World Bank to support coal regions confronting the realities of decarbonization and help lay the groundwork for achieving a just transition for all. -
Publication
Learning from Power Sector Reform: The Case of Ukraine
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-07-31)At the time of independence, in 1991, Ukraine had a monolithic state-run power sector. Its main concern was to transform the sector into a more efficient and competitive system that can be consistent with eventual European Union membership. A series of steps were taken in this direction - some unbundling of the sector; limited privatization; establishing a regulator; and creating a wholesale power market. Unfortunately, these reform steps did not achieve the reform objectives, and, at the time, there was no political consensus on the path forward. The changing regional political landscape, especially driven by the Crimea crisis, raised a fresh impetus for the reforms as the sector faced new concerns. Security of supply concerns, particularly over gas from Russia and limited access to high quality coal mines, were suddenly centerstage for a country where the inherited system had excess supply even at peak demand. Sector reforms were undertaken to align more closely with the second and third European Union energy packages. This case study follows Ukraine power sector’s reform process and presents lessons learned that can be useful for other developing countries. -
Publication
China - 40-Year Experience in Renewable Energy Development: Policies, Achievements, and Lessons Learned
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06)China made impressive progress in developing renewable energy to provide access to clean energy and electricity to its predominantly rural population before the economic boom that followed the open door policy, by improving energy supply to the economy as the country industrialized and urbanized at an extremely fast pace and finally by fighting debilitating local pollution and mitigating the impact of climate change. Through that journey, China has accumulated a considerable amount of experience and learned many lessons. Its evolution from a low-income to a middle-high income country and its wide geographical diversity brought about extensive challenges, many of which are similar to those facing a wide range of developing countries who are willing to further rely on renewable energy to address their energy needs. This report attempts to present the Chinese rich and diversified experience and draw the lessons learned that may inform decision-making in these countries. -
Publication
Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Jhelum Poonch River Basin Pakistan
(Washington, DC, 2021-06)IFC has remained financer and development partner in hydropower projects in Pakistan. In this process, IFC has developed a comprehensive approach for developing sustainable hydropower as a cheaper and cleaner energy that benefits the environment as well as the communities in the area. A key part of the approach involves raising environmental and social standards in hydropower development through its advisory engagements. Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Jhelum Poonch River Basin (JPRB) is one such IFC initiative implemented through a multistakeholder-engagement process to provide practical guidance for government, developers, and other stakeholders. The proposed strategy presents key lessons learned from hydropower projects in the Jhelum-Poonch River Basin as well as other related basins during construction and operation. It enhances the knowledge base of the Jhelum-Poonch Basin and provides recommendations for hydropower developers and government to implement best practice in their projects. This helps strike a balance between conservation and development by minimizing negative environmental and social impacts from hydropower projects in the basin. The strategy provides recommendations for government and regulators on how to improve policy and regulation to strengthen the hydropower sector. Developers can make good use of this report to strengthen their planning, systems, and business operations. -
Publication
Living in the Light: The Bangladesh Solar Home Systems Story
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-03-24)The Bangladesh Solar Home Systems (SHS) Program is the largest national program in the world for off-grid electrification. Begun in 2003, SHS installations under the Program ended in 2018. It is the longest, continuously operating off-grid electrification program in the world. The SHS Program was led and implemented by the Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL). Over a 15-year period beginning in 2003, over 4.1 million SHS were sold and supported using a competitive business model that offered consumers a choice of quality SHS, made affordable with financing. About 14 percent of the Bangladesh population (2011 Census), about 20 million people, obtained electricity services through the SHS Program. The SHS Program enabled one-quarter of the unelectrified rural population in 2003 to obtain electricity services far sooner than would have been possible with grid electricity. SHS were mainly used in rural homes for lighting, mobile phone charging, and powering TVs and radios. They were also used in about 200,000 rural businesses and religious facilities. The program led to SHS becoming a credible electricity source in Bangladesh and, more broadly, to the acceptance of solar photovoltaics (PV) as an electricity generation technology. Building on the credibility gained, SHS distribution to the poorest households under other government programs and commercial SHS sales picked up in later years along with IDCOL-financed sales. While the Bangladesh SHS Program will continue to 2021, this report covers the program from 2003 to 2018, describes its benefits and costs, and discusses how the program adapted to inevitable changes and risks over the 15-year period. It draws lessons that can help guide the development and implementation of other sustainable off-grid electrification programs.