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Drawing a Roadmap for Reforming Oil Pricing Policy

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dc.contributor.authorKojima, Masami
dc.date.accessioned2014-01-08T22:28:57Z
dc.date.available2014-01-08T22:28:57Z
dc.date.issued2013
dc.description.abstractBetween 2003 and 2012 the average annual world prices of gasoline, diesel, and kerosene in 160 countries more than doubled, while the prices of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used for cooking and heating increased by two-thirds. Between January 2009 and January 2013, many countries did not pass through increases in world oil product prices to domestic consumers. The median pass-through for gasoline and diesel increased with income and was less than two-thirds in low- income countries. High-income countries had larger median pass-through coefficients than any other income group. For kerosene, the median pass-through was full in upper-middle-income countries, but half in low and lower-middle-income countries. Among developing countries, the median pass-through for LPG was highest in low-income countries. More generally, about two thirds of the study countries have kept domestic prices below market-based levels for one or more fuels in the past three years, subsidizing consumers. In every case the government pays directly-or indirectly through budgetary transfers, tax expenditures, or lower corporate tax collection due to financial losses suffered by oil companies. Many countries have universal price subsidies, widely acknowledged to be regressive. Quite a few have subsidies targeting certain consumer categories, most notably kerosene and LPG for households. Targeted subsidies for oil products have large leakages (such as diversion and smuggling) because, unlike electricity or natural gas, liquid fuels are easy to store and transport. Differentiating prices for the same oil product by user category creates powerful financial incentives to divert lower-priced fuels to users ineligible for the price discounts. Typical recipients of such targeted price subsidies are households (kerosene or LPG for cooking, lighting, and heating), transport operators, farmers, and fishermen. Although prices of kerosene and diesel are close on the world market, many governments price kerosene below diesel in the name of protecting non-electrified households that use kerosene for cooking, lighting, and heating. Government transparency is important regarding the agency in charge of pricing, the scope of its regulatory power, how prices are set, the criteria for price adjustments, the price breakdown, the magnitude of under-or-over recoveries, and the stakeholders being consulted.en
dc.description.abstractEntre 2003 y 2012, los precios promedio anuales mundiales de la gasolina, diesel y queroseno, en 160 países, más que se duplicaron, mientras que los precios del gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) utilizado para cocinar y para calefacción aumentaron en dos tercios (con precios convertidos a unidades de moneda local y ajustados a la inflación doméstica). El aumento de los precios mundiales del petróleo afecta a todos los países, ya sea a través del aumento de los costos de importación o de los ingresos públicos procedentes de las exportaciones de petróleo. Esto tiene importantes implicaciones políticas para los países en desarrollo, cuya demanda de petróleo se espera que en breve supere la de los países desarrollados.es
dc.description.abstractEntre 2003 et 2012, les prix mondiaux annuels moyens de l'essence, du diesel et du kérosène ont plus que doublé dans 160 pays, alors que les prix du gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL), utilisé pour la cuisson et le chauffage ont augmenté de deux tiers. Entre Janvier 2009 et Janvier 2013, de nombreux pays ont limité l'impact de la hausse des prix mondiaux des produits pétroliers sur les consommateurs locaux. Le coefficient médian de répercussion (pass-through) de la variation de prix de l'essence et du diesel a augmenté avec le niveau de revenu. Il a été le plus élevé dans les pays à haut revenu et de moins de deux tiers dans les pays à faible revenu. De manière plus générale et sur les trois dernières années, près des deux tiers des pays objets de l'étude ont maintenu leurs prix locaux en-deçà des niveaux du marché pour un ou plusieurs carburants, subventionnant ainsi les consommateurs. Dans tous les cas de figure, c’est le gouvernement qui paie directement -ou indirectement- via des transferts budgétaires, des dépenses fiscales ou des impôts sur les sociétés moins élevés, en raison des pertes financières encourues par les compagnies pétrolières. En cherchant à assurer la compensation d’une ou de plusieurs catégories de consommateurs au moyen d’ajustements des prix plutôt qu’au moyen de transferts monétaires ou d’autres formes d'assistance, ces politiques de prix contribuent également à la distorsion, en aval, du secteur pétrolier. Les interventions du gouvernement, consistant à recourir à des subventions sectorielles pour maintenir les prix à des niveaux bas pour chaque produit et service, sont généralement sous-optimales. En parallèle, et afin de réduire la vulnérabilité face à l'instabilité des prix du pétrole, les gouvernements devraient promouvoir des mesures d'économie d'énergie au niveau de l’ensemble de l’économie et faciliter la diversification énergétique afin de réduire le recours excessif au pétrole, là où cela est rentable.fr
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/18019482/drawing-roadmap-reforming-oil-pricing-policy
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/16528
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/16528
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectACCESS TO ELECTRICITY
dc.subjectADVERSE EFFECTS
dc.subjectAPPROACH
dc.subjectBLACK MARKET
dc.subjectBLACK MARKETS
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectCORPORATE TAX
dc.subjectDELIVERY MECHANISM
dc.subjectDELIVERY MECHANISMS
dc.subjectDEREGULATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDOMESTIC INFLATION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICES
dc.subjectDRAWN DOWN
dc.subjectEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subjectELECTRICITY
dc.subjectELECTRICITY GENERATION
dc.subjectELECTRICITY SECTOR
dc.subjectELECTRICITY TARIFF
dc.subjectELECTRICITY TARIFFS
dc.subjectELECTRICITY UTILITIES
dc.subjectELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
dc.subjectENERGY CONSERVATION
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectENERGY PRICES
dc.subjectEXPENDITURE
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFAIR
dc.subjectFINANCIAL CRISIS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INCENTIVES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL LOSSES
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL SWITCHING
dc.subjectFUELS
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectHIGHER ENERGY PRICES
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME GROUP
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectINFLATION
dc.subjectKEROSENE
dc.subjectLIQUID FUELS
dc.subjectLOCAL CURRENCY
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLOWER COSTS
dc.subjectMARKET CONCENTRATION
dc.subjectMARKET POWER
dc.subjectMARKET PRICES
dc.subjectMARKET STRUCTURE
dc.subjectMARKETING
dc.subjectMEANS OF COMMUNICATION
dc.subjectMIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMONOPOLY
dc.subjectNATURAL DISASTERS
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOIL COMPANIES
dc.subjectOIL COMPANY
dc.subjectOIL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectOIL DEMAND
dc.subjectOIL EXPORTS
dc.subjectOIL PRICE
dc.subjectOIL PRICES
dc.subjectOIL PRICING
dc.subjectOIL PRICING POLICY
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCER
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectOIL SECTOR
dc.subjectPETROLEUM
dc.subjectPETROLEUM GAS
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectPOTENTIAL INVESTORS
dc.subjectPOVERTY ALLEVIATION
dc.subjectPRICE ADJUSTMENT
dc.subjectPRICE ADJUSTMENTS
dc.subjectPRICE CEILINGS
dc.subjectPRICE COMPETITION
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROLS
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASE
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectPRICE LEVELS
dc.subjectPRICE SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectPRICE VARIATION
dc.subjectPRICE VOLATILITY
dc.subjectPRICING MECHANISM
dc.subjectPRICING POLICIES
dc.subjectPRICING REFORM
dc.subjectREGULATORY AGENCY
dc.subjectRETAIL
dc.subjectRETAIL PRICES
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSCANDALS
dc.subjectSMALL BUSINESSES
dc.subjectSMART CARD
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectSOCIAL SAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE ENERGY
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTRACK RECORD
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY INITIATIVE
dc.subjectUNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES
dc.subjectWORLD MARKET
dc.titleDrawing a Roadmap for Reforming Oil Pricing Policyen
dc.titleDibujo de una hoja de ruta para la reforma de la política de precios del petróleoes
dc.titleFeuille de route pour la réforme de la politique des prix des produits pétroliersfr
dc.title.alternativeDibujo de una hoja de ruta para la reforma de la politica de precios del petroleo Feuille de route pour la reforme de la politique des prix des produits petroliersen
dc.title.alternativeDibujo de una hoja de ruta para la reforma de la politica de precios del petroleo Feuille de route pour la reforme de la politique des prix des produits petrolierses
dc.title.alternativeDibujo de una hoja de ruta para la reforma de la politica de precios del petroleo Feuille de route pour la reforme de la politique des prix des produits petroliersfr
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaClimate Change
okr.date.disclosure2013-07-18
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-07T08:42:24.949712Z
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work::Energy Study
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/18019482/drawing-roadmap-reforming-oil-pricing-policy
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid832751468332370385
okr.guid538691468154768699
okr.guid767231468349778366
okr.guid378741468152384237
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000356161_20130718141509
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum18019482
okr.identifier.report79283
okr.language.supporteden
okr.language.supportedes
okr.language.supportedfr
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/07/18/000356161_20130718141509/Rendered/PDF/792830WP0Engli0Box0377381B00PUBLIC0.pdfen
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/832751468332370385/pdf/792830WP0Spani0m0brief00Box0377381B.pdfes
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/767231468349778366/pdf/792830WP0Frenc0Box0377381B00PUBLIC0.pdffr
okr.sectorEnergy and mining :: Oil and gas
okr.themeTrade and integration :: Other trade and integration
okr.themePublic sector governance :: Tax policy and administration
okr.themeSocial protection and risk management :: Social safety nets
okr.themeFinancial and private sector development :: Regulation and competition policy
okr.themeSocial dev/gender/inclusion :: Participation and civic engagement
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Climate Change Economics
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Markets and Market Access
okr.topicPrivate Sector Development::Emerging Markets
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Access to Markets
okr.topicEnergy::Energy Production and Transportation
okr.txturlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/832751468332370385/text/792830WP0Spani0m0brief00Box0377381B.txtes
okr.txturlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/767231468349778366/text/792830WP0Frenc0Box0377381B00PUBLIC0.txtfr
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