Publication: Delivering Primary Care for Non-communicable Diseases: A Compendium of Service Delivery Models in Low and Middle-income Countries
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2025-06-13
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2025-06-13
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The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) continues to escalate, leading to a substantial burden of disease. NCDs account for 74 percent of all global deaths, causing approximately 41 million fatalities annually, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes being the main contributors. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionate share of this burden, experiencing around 82 percent of premature NCD-related deaths. Yet, many health systems in low- and middle-income countries are inadequately prepared to deliver comprehensive care for major NCDs, as primary health care (PHC) services mainly focus on the provision of acute and episodic care, leaving gaps in coverage and quality of essential services for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of NCDs across the care continuum. While a broad range of cost-effective, equitable, and evidence-based interventions to address the growing burden of NCDs have been identified, the challenge lies in effectively delivering these interventions, particularly in health systems facing significant resource constraints. Integrating NCD care into primary health care (PHC) services is key to expanding access to care closer to communities, supporting health promotion and facilitating NCD prevention and control, and alleviating the burden of care at higher-level facilities. New strategies and innovative solutions are needed to achieve this approach and improve outcomes across the care continuum, from reducing risk factors to sustainably managing chronic conditions at the PHC level.
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“World Bank. 2025. Delivering Primary Care for Non-communicable Diseases: A Compendium of Service Delivery Models in Low and Middle-income Countries. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/43336 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
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The study attempts to answer three questions: a) whether the NHF and its drug subsidy program have reduced out-of-pocket spending on NCDs; b) whether access to treatment of NCDs has improved; and c) what the economic burden on NCD patients and their families is. The report presents an overall picture of the epidemiological and demographic transitions in Jamaica, its current burden of NCDs, and the change in the trend of NCDs in the past decade, using publicly available data, particularly data from the Jamaica living condition household surveys. It assesses the risk factors and analyzes Jamaica's response to NCDs with emphasis on the impact of the NHF on people's lives. Estimates of the economic burden of NCDs are provided and policy options to improve Jamaica's NCD programs are suggested. This study focuses on Jamaica's experience in addressing major NCDs and their related risk factors with the objective of learning from Jamaica and providing policy options to Jamaica to improve its programs.Publication The Economic Implications of Non-Communicable Disease for India(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2010-01)This report contributes to the literature on the economic implications of non-communicable disease (NCDs) in developing countries by focusing on the case of India. First, the authors examine available evidence on the economic impact of NCDs in India. Second, the authors present new estimates of impact of NCDs, both on household economic well being as well as on aggregate economic outcomes in India. India is a worthwhile case to study for many reasons, beginning with the large numbers involved. In the year 2004, an estimated 8.1 million Indians died from all causes. 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