Publication:
Indoor Air Pollution, March 2002 : Energy and Health for the Poor

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (165.64 KB)
317 downloads
English Text (39.45 KB)
44 downloads
Published
2002-03
ISSN
Date
2014-08-29
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Switching entirely to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to meet household energy needs is one way of greatly lowering exposure to indoor air pollution, while simultaneously bringing additional benefits of time savings and convenience. Although there are a number of reasons why many households do not use LPG, the primary reason is that the poor cannot afford it. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has launched an innovative targeted subsidy programme, the Deepam scheme, to encourage the uptake of LPG among low-income households. This issue of the newsletter presents the results of an independent evaluation of the Deepam scheme carried out by the National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) in Hyderabad.
Link to Data Set
Citation
World Bank. 2002. Indoor Air Pollution, March 2002 : Energy and Health for the Poor. Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP);no. 6 (March 2002). © http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19887 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    India : Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels
    (Washington, DC, 2003-07) World Bank
    There is a strong case for phasing out price subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. This study was motivated by the primary objective of facilitating access to clean fuels, given the significant health and social benefits of switching away from traditional biomass. Price subsidies have been found to be ineffective in expanding the uptake of LPG and kerosene as primary household fuels among the poor, and have proven fiscally unsustainable. Even given this social objective, phasing out the price subsidies for LPG and kerosene, and fostering a vibrant, open, and competitive market for these fuels would appear to be a better approach. The conclusions of this study lend strong support to the announcement by the Ministry of Finance in June 2003, that the LPG and kerosene subsidies will be phased down in three years, and eliminated by April 2006. There are significant opportunities to facilitate a shift away from traditional biomass, to clean fuels in urban and peri-urban areas, including among the poor; however, rural households are more difficult to deal with, and require a concerted multi-sectoral approach, but, raising public awareness about the health costs of traditional energy, would facilitate the uptake of clean fuels.
  • Publication
    Household Energy Access for Cooking and Heating : Lessons Learned and the Way Forward
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012) Ekouevi, Koffi; Tuntivate, Voravate
    Half of humanity about 3 billion people are still relying on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Of that, about 2.5 billion people depend on traditional biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, agricultural waste, and animal dung), while about 400 million people use coal as their primary cooking and heating fuel (UNDP and WHO 2009). The majority of the population relying on solid fuels lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. In some countries in Central America and in East Asia and the Pacific, the use of solid fuels is also significant. The inefficient and unsustainable production and use of these fuels result in a significant public health hazard, as well as negative environmental impacts that keep people in poverty. Strategies to improve energy access to the poor have focused mainly on electricity access. They have often neglected non electricity household energy access. It is, however, estimated that about 2.8 billion people will still depend on fuel wood for cooking and heating in 2030 in a business-as-usual modus operandi (IEA 2010). The need for urgent interventions at the household level to provide alternative energy services to help improve livelihoods is becoming more and more accepted. This report's main objective is to conduct a review of the World Bank's financed operations and selected interventions by other institutions on household energy access in an attempt to examine success and failure factors to inform the new generation of upcoming interventions. First, the report provides a brief literature review to lay out the multidimensional challenge of an overwhelming reliance on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Second, it highlights how the Bank and selected governments and organizations have been dealing with this challenge. Third, it presents lessons learned to inform upcoming interventions. And finally, it indicates an outlook on the way forward.
  • Publication
    Household Fuel Use and Fuel Switching in Guatemala
    (Washington, DC, 2003-06) World Bank
    Household fuel choice in the past, has often been analyzed and understood through the lens of the energy ladder model. This model places relatively heavy emphasis on household fuel switching in response to rising incomes. This report views energy use through a household economics framework. The household economics framework clarifies that, in addition to income and market prices, the opportunity costs of firewood collection also need to be taken into account, in shaping demand for all fuels. The opportunity costs of firewood collection are determined by household cash, labor, land, and wood resources. Fuel choices therefore need to be understood in terms of relative household resource scarcities. The household economics framework also makes it clear that it may be perfectly rational for households to use a portfolio of different energy sources at any point in time. The results of logit, and multinomial logit regression analysis suggest that expenditure, education, household size, region, ethnicity, electrification status, and gender composition are important in influencing fuel choice. Prices and opportunity costs of firewood also matter. It remains intriguing that so many urban households continue to use wood, which is not a cheap fuel when it has to be purchased. Experience of household energy use in Guatemala suggests that, as household fuel policies elsewhere concerned with switching from biomass, need to look beyond simple pricing instruments to a wider array of policy options. Household energy strategies must be based on the realization that large groups will continue to meet their cooking needs with fuel wood for the foreseeable future. Strategies therefore cannot rely exclusively on inter-fuel substitution. A balance needs to be struck between policies aiming at inter-fuel substitution, and policies seeking to ameliorate the negative consequences of fuel wood, such as improved stoves and better ventilation. And, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) needs to be targeted primarily to areas where households rely on expensive purchased wood.
  • Publication
    Indoor Air Pollution Associated with Household Fuel Use in India : An Exposure Assessment and Modeling Exercise in Rural Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2004-06) Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Mehta, Sumi; Kumar, Priti; Ramaswamy, Padmavathi; Sambandam, Sankar; Kumar, Kannappa Satish; Smith, Kirk R.
    Indoor air pollutants associated with combustion of solid fuels in households of developing countries are now recognized as a major source of health risks to the exposed populations. Based on this background, the present study was designed with three major objectives: to monitor household pollution concentrations in a statistically representative rural sample in southern India; to model household indoor air pollution levels based on information on household-level parameters collected through questionnaires, in order to determine how well such survey information could be used to estimate air pollution levels without monitoring; and to record time/activity and other information at the household-level, in order to estimate the exposures of different household members. This paper contains the following headings: background, study design and methodology, results, and conclusions.
  • Publication
    Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, March 18, 2013
    (Washington, DC, 2013-09) World Bank
    The East Asia and Pacific (EAP) clean stove initiative (CSI) forum is part of the World Bank's EAP CSI regional program, which focuses on achieving access to modern cooking and heating solutions in the EAP region, particularly through the scaled-up access to advanced cooking and heating stoves for poor, primarily rural households, who are likely to continue using solid fuels to meet their cooking and heating needs beyond 2030. The objectives of the EAP CSI forum are twofold. The first is to share results from implementing the first phase of the CSI, including reports on initial stocktaking activities in the four participating countries and the intervention strategies. The second is to promote collaboration, learning, and knowledge-sharing as the country initiatives move into their second phase. Market forces and mechanisms are powerful tools for ensuring a sustainable supply of clean cooking stoves and should be harnessed in a way that helps the private sector develop, market, and deliver modern cooking solutions. Thus, the CSI intervention strategy in each country needs to strike the right balance between market-based solutions, including innovative financing mechanisms (for example, results-based financing (RBF), with appropriately targeted subsidies. Government policies are needed to: (i) establish and maintain adequate levels of subsidies; and (ii) design and implement effective subsidy allocation mechanisms to mobilize and sustain private-sector participation in scaling up access to clean stoves. This paper is organized as follows: chapter one is Indonesia: toward universal access to clean cooking, key findings from the CSI; chapter two is Indonesia CSI program: government perspective; chapter three gives CSI implementation activity in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR); chapter four is China: toward universal access to clean cooking and heating, key findings from the CSI (phase one); chapter five presents development of clean stoves in China; and chapter six is millennium challenge account: Mongolia energy and environment project (2010 to 2013).

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Digital Africa
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13) Begazo, Tania; Dutz, Mark Andrew; Blimpo, Moussa
    All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.
  • Publication
    Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2022
    (Washington, DC, 2022-11) World Bank
    The economy continues to contract, albeit at a somewhat slower pace. Public finances improved in 2021, but only because spending collapsed faster than revenue generation. Testament to the continued atrophy of Lebanon’s economy, the Lebanese Pound continues to depreciate sharply. The sharp deterioration in the currency continues to drive surging inflation, in triple digits since July 2020, impacting the poor and vulnerable the most. An unprecedented institutional vacuum will likely further delay any agreement on crisis resolution and much needed reforms; this includes prior actions as part of the April 2022 International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff-level agreement (SLA). Divergent views among key stakeholders on how to distribute the financial losses remains the main bottleneck for reaching an agreement on a comprehensive reform agenda. Lebanon needs to urgently adopt a domestic, equitable, and comprehensive solution that is predicated on: (i) addressing upfront the balance sheet impairments, (ii) restoring liquidity, and (iii) adhering to sound global practices of bail-in solutions based on a hierarchy of creditors (starting with banks’ shareholders) that protects small depositors.
  • Publication
    Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21) Luna-Bazaldua, Diego; Levin, Victoria; Liberman, Julia; Gala, Priyal Mukesh
    This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.
  • Publication
    Argentina Country Climate and Development Report
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11) World Bank Group
    The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2006
    (Washington, DC, 2005) World Bank
    This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.