Publication: Safety Aspects of Hydrogen and its main Derivatives: A Literature Review for Policy Makers
Loading...
Date
2025-03-07
ISSN
Published
2025-03-07
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This Live Wire focuses on safety concerns associated with hydrogen and its main derivatives: ammonia and methanol. After an exhaustive review of the literature and measures on hydrogen safety, the study summarized here found robust, well-established standards developed by reputable institutions. This brief emphasizes the critical importance of adhering to these standards and encourages their full implementation to ensure effective and consistent safety practices.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Conde Pardavila, Carmen. 2025. Safety Aspects of Hydrogen and its main Derivatives: A Literature Review for Policy Makers. Live Wire; 2025/142. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42924 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Advanced Biofuel Technologies : Status and Barriers(2010-09-01)Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers.Publication Associated Gas Monetization via miniGTL(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-01)The large scale conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels (GTL) and chemicals (GTC), collectively called ‘miniGTL’ for convenience in this report - has been practiced for decades. For instance, a world scale GTL plant can convert 300 MMscfd of gas into 30,000bpd of diesel or gasoline while a world scale methanol plant produces about 2500tpd of methanol from about 75 MMscfd of gas. Over the last few years, miniGTL technologies have been developed to monetize smaller volumes of gas (less than 25 MMscfd) and thereby offer opportunities to extinguish flares. The engineering of such plants focuses on modular design, simplicity, automation and robustness of operation. In our first study reported in February 2012, a small number of companies with commercially viable options were identified, while others needed more time for RD to demonstrate their technologies. Now, two years later, Oberon Fuels, Velocys and CompactGTL are on the brink of multiple commercial plants. The progress of all companies reviewed in our first report will be discussed. This report contains the most comprehensive study of miniGTL technologies available today. Over 24 companies have been reviewed and are described in some detail. The goal of this study is the identification of companies that provide relatively low risk, commercially viable options today in order to simplify evaluation and choice for GGFR members in eliminating flares.Publication Associated Gas Utilization via miniGTL(Washington, DC, 2012-02)The flaring of natural gas produced as part of crude oil production operations is a well-known practice which increasingly becomes a non-acceptable option around the globe. In 2010, the Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) at the World Bank reported that nearly 5TCF (trillion standard cubic feet or 135 billion cubic meters) of associated gas (AG) was flared worldwide, equal to 20 percent of US consumption emitting 320MM tons of unnecessary CO2 into the atmosphere. This paper provides a high-level overview of the status of gas conversion technologies that are developed for, or are applicable to, the monetization of associated gas. Gas conversion technology is but one out of about half a dozen options to manage or utilize AG such as gas re-injection, power production, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipelines. More than 15 technologies were evaluated analyzing the overall technology approach, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, commercial readiness and technical risk along with product acceptance issues and high level economic attractiveness. The gas volume application range was from sub 1 MMscfd (million standard cubic feet per day) to a maximum of 25MMscfd with the sweet spot at 15MMscfd. The in depth evaluation was based on both publicly available information from websites, papers and patents and on private files by the reviewer. Personal phone calls with all companies answered any open questions. A standard survey was sent to all companies with questions relating to the building of a plant with a capacity of 15MMscfd. The responses are compared and discussed in detail.Publication Nigeria Strategic Gas Plan(Washington, DC, 2004-02)The study underlines the government's strategic role in promoting proactive gas development schemes, and the drive for change in gas flaring reduction, for better use of Nigeria's gas resources. It is an analysis and integration of independent proposals from international oil companies to the Government of Nigeria for gas utilization projects. The elements and policy framework are evaluated, so as to formulate a consolidated development plan for the country's gas resources, through a series of viable projects. It covers the basic elements of gas supply, the uses for gas, the sequence involved in gas planning evaluations, the background issues for gas planning - for Nigeria, and the development of a Stage I Gas Management Model.Publication Towards Cleaner Industry and Improved Air Quality Monitoring in Kazakhstan(Washington, DC, 2013-11)Kazakhstan's environmental situation is at a critical cross-road, where the pressures of economic growth without adequate environmental controls and the legacy of industrial production are beginning to take their toll on society in terms of health. In addition, Kazakhstan strives to promote itself as a modern and resource-efficient economy that is worthy of top international standing. In response, a series of proactive planning has emerged through such strategic initiatives as the Green Economy Concept with its accompanying actions that aim to reduce the ecological footprint of economic activities, promote sustainable economic growth and place Kazakhstan on a cleaner and greener development path. The document details the background and context of the situation in the country, and the initiatives that are being taken to improve air quality.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication World Development Report 2021(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2021-03-24)Today’s unprecedented growth of data and their ubiquity in our lives are signs that the data revolution is transforming the world. And yet much of the value of data remains untapped. Data collected for one purpose have the potential to generate economic and social value in applications far beyond those originally anticipated. But many barriers stand in the way, ranging from misaligned incentives and incompatible data systems to a fundamental lack of trust. World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives explores the tremendous potential of the changing data landscape to improve the lives of poor people, while also acknowledging its potential to open back doors that can harm individuals, businesses, and societies. To address this tension between the helpful and harmful potential of data, this Report calls for a new social contract that enables the use and reuse of data to create economic and social value, ensures equitable access to that value, and fosters trust that data will not be misused in harmful ways. This Report begins by assessing how better use and reuse of data can enhance the design of public policies, programs, and service delivery, as well as improve market efficiency and job creation through private sector growth. Because better data governance is key to realizing this value, the Report then looks at how infrastructure policy, data regulation, economic policies, and institutional capabilities enable the sharing of data for their economic and social benefits, while safeguarding against harmful outcomes. The Report concludes by pulling together the pieces and offering an aspirational vision of an integrated national data system that would deliver on the promise of producing high-quality data and making them accessible in a way that promotes their safe use and reuse. By examining these opportunities and challenges, the Report shows how data can benefit the lives of all people, but particularly poor people in low- and middle-income countries.Publication Business Ready 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-03)Business Ready (B-READY) is a new World Bank Group corporate flagship report that evaluates the business and investment climate worldwide. It replaces and improves upon the Doing Business project. B-READY provides a comprehensive data set and description of the factors that strengthen the private sector, not only by advancing the interests of individual firms but also by elevating the interests of workers, consumers, potential new enterprises, and the natural environment. This 2024 report introduces a new analytical framework that benchmarks economies based on three pillars: Regulatory Framework, Public Services, and Operational Efficiency. The analysis centers on 10 topics essential for private sector development that correspond to various stages of the life cycle of a firm. The report also offers insights into three cross-cutting themes that are relevant for modern economies: digital adoption, environmental sustainability, and gender. B-READY draws on a robust data collection process that includes specially tailored expert questionnaires and firm-level surveys. The 2024 report, which covers 50 economies, serves as the first in a series that will expand in geographical coverage and refine its methodology over time, supporting reform advocacy, policy guidance, and further analysis and research.Publication How Improved Household Surveys Influence National and International Poverty Rates(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-03)To effectively address poverty, it is essential that countries have the tools and means to accurately measure people’s living standards. Most countries rely on data collected from household surveys to measure monetary poverty, defining households as poor when their consumption is below the national poverty line. When countries improve the quality and scope of their household surveys, as some have done in recent years, they often capture consumption that is overlooked in previous surveys, thus leading to higher measured consumption. With better data, countries redefine their national poverty line, which on average balances out the higher consumption, leading to minimal change in national poverty rates. However, the international poverty line is fixed at any given point in time. Thus, when measured consumption increases, international poverty rates fall, sometimes dramatically. For this reason, international poverty rate comparisons over time should be done with caution when countries implement improved household surveys.Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2025: Accelerating Growth through Entrepreneurship, Technology Adoption, and Innovation(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-23)Business dynamism and economic growth in Europe and Central Asia have weakened since the late 2000s, with productivity growth driven largely by resource reallocation between firms and sectors rather than innovation. To move up the value chain, countries need to facilitate technology adoption, stronger domestic competition, and firm-level innovation to build a more dynamic private sector. Governments should move beyond broad support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and focus on enabling the most productive firms to expand and compete globally. Strengthening competition policies, reducing the presence of state-owned enterprises, and ensuring fair market access are crucial. Limited availability of long-term financing and risk capital hinders firm growth and innovation. Economic disruptions are a shock in the short term, but they provide an opportunity for implementing enterprise and structural reforms, all of which are essential for creating better-paying jobs and helping countries in the region to achieve high-income status.