Publication:
Paths Toward Green Mobility: Perspectives on Women and Rail Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (7.64 MB)
577 downloads
English Text (298.56 KB)
42 downloads
Date
2022
ISSN
Published
2022
Editor(s)
Abstract
This report explores two aspects of the rail transport sector - mobility, and employment--in the countries of Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a gender perspective. It examines issues of rail transport for women both as passengers, and as sector employees. It highlights the urgency of transport decarbonization for the Western Balkan countries (WB6) in the context of the European Union’s Green Deal,2 which aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. This report shows that Covid-19 has decimated rail transport use at a time when global and WB6 regional efforts must dramatically increase their movement toward decarbonization. The study confirms that the pandemic has drawn people away from public transport including rail, and toward more carbon-intensive individual modes of transportation. It also makes a rarely made connection between getting more women into the transport sector and improved mobility for women. Rail services remain male-dominated across the world. The report finds clear parallels between women’s employment and mobility. Finally, while this study focuses on women and rail transport, it has the benefit of making rail more attractive for other cohorts as well, including those who primarily use private vehicles (mainly men).
Link to Data Set
Citation
Kurshitashvili, Nato; Gonzalez Carvajal, Karla; Saunders, Kelly; Ait Bihi Ouali, Laila. 2022. Paths Toward Green Mobility: Perspectives on Women and Rail Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37324 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Closing Gender Gaps in Transport
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-12-08) Dominguez Gonzalez, Karla; Kurshitashvili, Nato; Gonzalez Carvajal, Karla; Pickup, Laurie
    Transport services and infrastructure can be enablers or deterrents for women’s empowerment. Transport-related barriers, such as availability, affordability, acceptability, physical access, safety, and security, disproportionally impact women due to existing structural inequalities in terms of time use and household decision-making and task distribution based on gender roles and stereotypes. Lack of safe transport can translate into girls missing schools, women not looking for jobs far away from home, giving up their jobs, or being unable to access health or childcare services. Care responsibilities, less access to cars, and less disposable income all shape women’s transport choices and have the unintended result of them having a lower carbon footprint than men. At the same time, women often use public transport out of necessity, suggesting that primarily women are so-called captive transit users, and highlighting an environmental imperative for promoting gender equality in mobility to support sector decarbonization. This policy note provides a framework for incorporating gender responsive transport and mobility into the World Bank’s Gender Strategy 2024-2030. It offers policy makers several key takeaways based on existing evidence and promising World Bank practices that address gender in mobility.
  • Publication
    Is a Mile for One a Mile for All?
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022) Alam, Muneeza Mehmood; Kurshitashvili, Nato; Dominguez Gonzalez, Karla; Gonzalez Carvajal, Karla; Baruah, Bipasha
    The broad objectives of this study were to identify the following: (1) mobility differences globally between women and men (and by non-binary individuals, more broadly, where possible). This objective includes identifying and explaining heterogeneity in mobility needs and patterns in developed and developing countries (and intersectionality across gender, age, geographic location, ethnicity, disability, class and income, sexual identity, where possible), and documenting how these dimensions influence mobility choices and needs; (2) outcomes for women and men (and intersectionality across other gender identity, socioeconomic and demographic criteria, where possible) of mobility barriers and opportunities to access education, employment, health, social services, and leisure and recreation services. This objective includes identifying the differing effects and outcomes for women and men (and intersectionality across other gender identity, socioeconomic and demographic criteria, where possible) of transport investments and innovations; (3) policy lessons and future research needs for optimizing access to transport for women and other transport-disadvantaged groups.
  • Publication
    Toward Developing a Mobility and Gender Index
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-01-26) Kurshitashvili, Nato; Humbert, Anne Laure; Bihi Ouali, Laila Ait
    Although the benefits of a gender-inclusive approach to mobility for transport decarbonization, access to jobs, and human capital advancement have been increasingly recognized globally, this topic has not received sufficient attention. The lack of attention to gendered mobility barriers is partly due to a limited understanding of the wider benefits of inclusive transport services for development, which is caused by the absence of sex-disaggregated mobility data highlighting gender inequalities. One of the obstacles to this gender-inclusive approach is the absence of a global gender indicator to track gender-based inequalities in mobility across countries and time. The lack of such an index: (i) hinders policymakers and development agencies from prioritizing this issue, setting project, program, and policy priorities, and monitoring performance, and (ii) discourages efforts to improve the quantity and quality of sex-disaggregated data related to mobility. This paper summarizes the exploratory research conducted by the World Bank’s Transport Global Practice in 2022-23 to construct a mobility and gender index (MGI). The report presents a six-dimension theoretical framework, outlines data pre-processing and indicator selection procedures, and describes the technical steps taken to develop the measurement framework for the index. Various approaches for measuring gender gaps and levels are explored, with potential aggregation within dimensions and the presentation of scores. The report includes visualizations of some of the dimension scores as heatmaps and highlights key findings. Finally, it acknowledges data gaps and outlines the necessary next steps to develop the MGI.
  • Publication
    Green Logistics : Enablers for Sustainable Development
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-01-26) Fransoo, Jan C.; Fransoo, Jan C.
    Logistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost-effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents. 'Green logistics' may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chain perspective provides a framework to understand and deal with issues that are separate but ultimately interrelated. Importantly, looking at supply chains helps policy makers understand the interests and actions of private sector operators. 'Green logistics' may therefore propose a number of tools and identify emerging sustainable solutions contributing to the overarching objective of 'green growth.'
  • Publication
    Improving Accessibility to Transport for People with Limited Mobility : A Practical Guidance Note
    (Washington, DC, 2013-05) World Bank
    This document aims to provide practical guidance on how best to include consideration of accessibility for People with Limited Mobility (PLM). While disabled people are a primary focus, the definition of PLM considered within this guidance note therefore also encompasses this broader range of users with mobility constraints and needs. Barriers to addressing the needs of PLM are often a product of a lack of information for transport professionals and facility designers, combined with limited resources. To assist client countries with implementing the principles and binding obligations of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), it is clear that World Bank Task Team Leaders (TTLs) need to understand how to build in accessibility for disabled people in the design and implementation of transport projects. This guidance note therefore aims to aid World Bank TTLs when specifying and managing Bank funded transport projects in order to improve the accessibility of transport systems for PLM. It is intended to serve primarily as a point of reference for TTLs on how to include, and improve; the accessibility of PLM in Bank supported transport operations, as well as being useful for other organizations and government agencies. Following this introductory chapter, chapter two provides concise technical descriptions of different transport accessibility measures, of their costs, benefits and implementation issues, and of relevant standards and sources of further detailed design guidance. In chapter three these accessibility features are gathered into ranked lists to which TTLs may refer in order to see which measures represent low cost options, and those which are likely to have the best benefit/cost relationships. Chapter four sets out information on relevant regulatory and institutional framework issues. Chapter five summarizes potential funding sources and mechanisms for providing accessibility improvements for people with limited mobility. Finally, chapter six (operational road map) provides guidance on the process for designing accessibility into World Bank transport projects.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21) Luna-Bazaldua, Diego; Levin, Victoria; Liberman, Julia; Gala, Priyal Mukesh
    This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.
  • Publication
    Doing Business 2014 : Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
    (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2013-10-28) World Bank; International Finance Corporation
    Eleventh in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 185 economies, Doing Business 2014 measures regulations affecting 11 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business, Dealing with construction permits, Getting electricity, Registering property, Getting credit, Protecting investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Closing a business, Employing workers. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2013, ranks economies on their overall “ease of doing business”, and analyzes reforms to business regulation – identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. The Doing Business reports illustrate how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. Doing Business is a flagship product by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies use the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 870 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.
  • Publication
    Remarks to the Annual Meetings 2020 Development Committee
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-10-16) Malpass, David
    David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group, announced that the Board approved a fast track approach to emergency health support programs that now covers 111 countries. Most projects are well advanced, with average disbursement upward of 40 percent. The goal is to take broad, fast action early. The operational framework presented back in June has positioned the Bank to help countries address immediate health threats and social and economic impacts and maintain our focus on long-term development. The Bank is making good progress toward the 15-month target of 160 billion dollars in surge financing. Much of it is for the poorest countries and will take the form of grants or low-rate, long-maturity loans. IFC, through the Global Health Platform, will be providing financing to vaccine manufacturers to foster expanded production of COVID-19 vaccines in both part 1 and 2 countries, providing production is reserved for emerging markets. The Development Committee holds a unique place in the international architecture. It is the only global forum in which the Governments of developed countries and the Governments of developing countries, creditor countries and borrower countries, come together to discuss development and the ‘net transfer of resources to developing countries.’ The current International Financial Architecture system is skewed in favor of the rich and creditor countries. It is important that all voices are heard, so Malpass urged the Ministers of developing countries to use their voice and speak their minds today. Malpass urged consideration of how we can build a new approach to debt restructuring that allows for a fair relationship and balance between creditors and debtors. This will be critical in restoring growth in developing countries; and helping reverse the inequality.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2011
    (World Bank, 2011) World Bank
    The 2011 World development report looks across disciplines and experiences drawn from around the world to offer some ideas and practical recommendations on how to move beyond conflict and fragility and secure development. The key messages are important for all countries-low, middle, and high income-as well as for regional and global institutions: first, institutional legitimacy is the key to stability. When state institutions do not adequately protect citizens, guard against corruption, or provide access to justice; when markets do not provide job opportunities; or when communities have lost social cohesion-the likelihood of violent conflict increases. Second, investing in citizen security, justice, and jobs is essential to reducing violence. But there are major structural gaps in our collective capabilities to support these areas. Third, confronting this challenge effectively means that institutions need to change. International agencies and partners from other countries must adapt procedures so they can respond with agility and speed, a longer-term perspective, and greater staying power. Fourth, need to adopt a layered approach. Some problems can be addressed at the country level, but others need to be addressed at a regional level, such as developing markets that integrate insecure areas and pooling resources for building capacity Fifth, in adopting these approaches, need to be aware that the global landscape is changing. Regional institutions and middle income countries are playing a larger role. This means should pay more attention to south-south and south-north exchanges, and to the recent transition experiences of middle income countries.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2006
    (Washington, DC, 2005) World Bank
    This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.