Publication:
India : Women, Work and Employment

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dc.contributor.authorWorld Bank
dc.date.accessioned2014-06-25T14:32:04Z
dc.date.available2014-06-25T14:32:04Z
dc.date.issued2014-02-26
dc.description.abstractSince economic liberalization in the early 1990s, India has experienced high economic growth and made considerable progress in gender equality in areas such as primary education. However, it fared poorly on gender-parity in labor force participation (LFP). During the period between 1993-94 and 2011-12, female labor force participation rate (LFPR) remained consistently low as compared to male participation. More alarming is the fact that female participation rate declined steadily during the same period, particularly in rural areas. The low level along with declining trend in rural female LFP poses a serious threat of 'missing gender' in the labor force. Although economic growth added jobs for both men and women in India till 2005, Indian women lost jobs in the next seven years, while men continued to gain, thereby widening the gender gap. The actual figures in 2012 suggest that approximately 35 to 40 million women are 'missing' from the labor force, had female LFP grown at the same rate as it had between 1999 and 2005.1 This represents a troubling trend considering the potential of these women to contribute to the country's productivity. To better understand the existing situation, this report investigates gender and female labor force dynamics by drawing mostly on data from five rounds of the National Sample Survey, India, between 1993-94 and 2011-12. Key findings from the study are grouped below in three sections. First section describes the dynamics of female LFP looking at its evolution in previous two decades. The next section presents the drivers of low level of female participation and its declining trend. The last section proposes possible areas of action.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19705491/india-women-work-employment
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/18737
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/18737
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS TO LAND
dc.subjectACCESS TO MARKETS
dc.subjectACCESS TO SERVICES
dc.subjectACQUISITION OF SKILLS
dc.subjectADULT WOMEN
dc.subjectAGE CATEGORIES
dc.subjectAGE GROUP
dc.subjectAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAVERAGE WAGE
dc.subjectBARRIERS TO WOMEN
dc.subjectBASIC VALUES
dc.subjectCASUAL WORKERS
dc.subjectCHILD CARE
dc.subjectCHILD-BEARING
dc.subjectCLERKS
dc.subjectCOLLEGE GRADUATES
dc.subjectCREATING OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectCULTURAL PRACTICES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDISADVANTAGED GROUPS
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectEARNING
dc.subjectECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectEDUCATION FOR GIRLS
dc.subjectEDUCATION OF GIRLS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL LEVEL
dc.subjectELDERLY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT CREATION
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GENERATION
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GROWTH
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT RATES
dc.subjectEMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
dc.subjectENHANCING WOMEN
dc.subjectENROLMENT OF GIRLS
dc.subjectENROLMENT RATES
dc.subjectEQUAL WORK
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETS
dc.subjectFAMILY WORK
dc.subjectFEMALE
dc.subjectFEMALE EDUCATION
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR FORCE
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectFEMALE WORK
dc.subjectFEMALE WORKERS
dc.subjectFEMALES
dc.subjectFEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectGENDER
dc.subjectGENDER ASYMMETRIES
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENTIALS
dc.subjectGENDER DISPARITIES
dc.subjectGENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectGENDER GAP
dc.subjectGENDER GAPS
dc.subjectGENDER IDENTITIES
dc.subjectGENDER IMBALANCES
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUALITIES
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUALITY
dc.subjectGENDER ISSUES
dc.subjectGENDER PARITY
dc.subjectGENDER PERSPECTIVE
dc.subjectGENDER ROLES
dc.subjectGENDER STEREOTYPING
dc.subjectGENDER WAGE GAPS
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectGROWTH OF WOMEN
dc.subjectHEALTH OF WOMEN
dc.subjectHOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD LEVEL
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SIZE
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN RESOURCE
dc.subjectHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectHUSBANDS
dc.subjectIMPORTANT POLICY
dc.subjectINDIVIDUAL ·HEALTH
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTORS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectJOB MARKET
dc.subjectJOB OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectJOBLESS GROWTH
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectLABOR DEMAND
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLABOR REGULATION
dc.subjectLABOR REGULATIONS
dc.subjectLABOR SUPPLY
dc.subjectLABORERS
dc.subjectLABOUR
dc.subjectLABOUR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectLABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES
dc.subjectLAWS
dc.subjectLEGISLATORS
dc.subjectLEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectLEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLEVELS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLITERACY
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMALE COUNTERPARTS
dc.subjectMALE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectMARITAL STATUS
dc.subjectMARKET WAGES
dc.subjectMARRIED MEN
dc.subjectMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subjectMINIMUM WAGE
dc.subjectMODERNIZATION
dc.subjectMUSLIM WOMEN
dc.subjectNATIONAL POLICY
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNUMBER OF WOMEN
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectOLD MEN
dc.subjectOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
dc.subjectPARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
dc.subjectPATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOOR HEALTH
dc.subjectPOOR WOMEN
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRODUCTION PROCESSES
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectRELIGIOUS GROUPS
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectRETURNS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectRURAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectRURAL GIRLS
dc.subjectRURAL WOMEN
dc.subjectRURAL WORKERS
dc.subjectSALARIED WORKERS
dc.subjectSCHOOLING
dc.subjectSCHOOLS
dc.subjectSECONDARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION
dc.subjectSELF EMPLOYED
dc.subjectSELF EMPLOYED WORKERS
dc.subjectSERVICE SECTOR
dc.subjectSERVICE SECTORS
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSEXUAL HARASSMENT
dc.subjectSHARE OF WORK
dc.subjectSKILLED WOMEN
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSKILLS DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSOCIAL BARRIERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSOCIAL GROUP
dc.subjectSOCIAL GROUPS
dc.subjectSOCIAL MOBILIZATION
dc.subjectSOCIAL NORMS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSOCIAL STATUS
dc.subjectSOCIETAL NORMS
dc.subjectSPOUSES
dc.subjectSUPPORT SERVICES
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectTECHNICAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectTEMPORARY WORK
dc.subjectTERTIARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectTRAINING INDIVIDUAL
dc.subjectTRAINING PROGRAMS
dc.subjectUNEDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subjectUNIONS
dc.subjectUNMARRIED MEN
dc.subjectUNMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subjectUNPAID FAMILY WORKERS
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBAN WOMEN
dc.subjectVIOLENCE
dc.subjectWAGE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectWAGE GAP
dc.subjectWAGE RATES
dc.subjectWATER SUPPLY
dc.subjectWDR
dc.subjectWILL
dc.subjectWOMAN
dc.subjectWOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectWOMEN WORKERS
dc.subjectWORK FORCE
dc.subjectWORKFORCE
dc.subjectWORKING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectWORKING WOMEN
dc.subjectWORKING-AGE POPULATION
dc.subjectWORKING-AGE POPULATIONS
dc.subjectYOUNG WOMEN
dc.subjectYOUTH
dc.titleIndia : Women, Work and Employmenten
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaJobs
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaGender
okr.date.disclosure2014-06-24
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-07T08:52:05.408597Z
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work::Women in Development and Gender Study
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19705491/india-women-work-employment
okr.globalpracticeEducation
okr.globalpracticeSocial Protection and Labor
okr.globalpracticeGovernance
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid753861468044063804
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000333037_20140624105806
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum19705491
okr.identifier.reportACS7935
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/06/24/000333037_20140624105806/Rendered/PDF/ACS79350ESW0wh00Box385252B00PUBLIC0.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeSouth Asia
okr.region.countryIndia
okr.sectorPublic Administration, Law, and Justice :: General public administration sector
okr.themeSocial dev/gender/inclusion :: Gender
okr.topicGender::Gender and Development
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.topicGender::Gender and Law
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Markets
okr.topicEducation::Primary Education
okr.unitSocial Development (SASDS)
okr.volume1 of 1
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