Publication:
Climate Change and Migration : Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa

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dc.contributor.authorBougnoux, Nathalie
dc.contributor.authorWodon, Quentin
dc.contributor.authorLiverani, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorJoseph, George
dc.contributor.editorWodon, Quentin
dc.contributor.editorLiverani, Andrea
dc.contributor.editorJoseph, George
dc.contributor.editorBougnoux, Nathalie
dc.date.accessioned2014-07-21T14:26:57Z
dc.date.available2014-07-21T14:26:57Z
dc.date.issued2014-07-15
dc.description.abstractClimate change is a major source of concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and migration is often understood as one of several strategies used by households to respond to changes in climate and environmental conditions, including extreme weather events. This study focuses on the link between climate change and migration. Most micro-level studies measure climate change either by the incidences of extreme weather events or by variation in temperature or rainfall. A few studies have found that formal and informal institutions as well as policies also affect migration. Institutions that make government more responsive to households (for example through public spending) discourage both international and domestic migration in the aftermath of extreme weather events. Migration is often an option of last resort after vulnerable rural populations attempting to cope with new and challenging circumstances have exhausted other options such as eating less, selling assets, or removing children from school. This study is based in large part on new data collected in 2011 in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and the Republic of Yemen. The surveys were administered by in-country partners to a randomly selected set of 800 households per country. It is also important to emphasize that neither the household survey results nor the findings from the qualitative focus groups are meant to be representative of the five countries in which the work was carried, since only a few areas were surveyed in each country. This report is organized as follows: section one gives synthesis. Section two discusses household perceptions about climate change and extreme weather events. Section three focuses on migration as a coping mechanisms and income diversification strategy. Section four examines other coping and adaptation strategies. Section five discusses perceptions about government and community programs.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/07/19798427/climate-change-migration-evidence-middle-east-north-africa
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2
dc.identifier.isbn978-0-8213-9971-2
dc.identifier.other10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/18929
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.relation.ispartofseriesWorld Bank Study;
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAFFECTED COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectALLOCATION
dc.subjectBASIC NEEDS
dc.subjectBENEFITS OF MIGRATION
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
dc.subjectCLIMATE EVENTS
dc.subjectCLIMATE FACTORS
dc.subjectCLIMATE IMPACTS
dc.subjectCLIMATE PATTERNS
dc.subjectCLIMATE RISKS
dc.subjectCLIMATE VARIABLES
dc.subjectCLIMATE-RELATED DISASTERS
dc.subjectCLIMATIC CHANGE
dc.subjectCLIMATIC CHANGES
dc.subjectCLIMATIC CONDITIONS
dc.subjectCLIMATIC FACTORS
dc.subjectCLIMATIC VARIABLES
dc.subjectCOLORS
dc.subjectCONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
dc.subjectCOPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCOST OF CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCOST-BENEFIT
dc.subjectCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
dc.subjectCROP FAILURE
dc.subjectDEFORESTATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDISEASES
dc.subjectDRINKING WATER
dc.subjectDROUGHT
dc.subjectECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC CONDITIONS
dc.subjectECONOMIC IMPACTS
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEDUCATION OF CHILDREN
dc.subjectEFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectELECTRICITY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
dc.subjectEXCESSIVE RAIN
dc.subjectEXTREME TEMPERATURES
dc.subjectEXTREME WEATHER
dc.subjectEXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
dc.subjectFAMILY MEMBERS
dc.subjectFERTILIZERS
dc.subjectFLOOD
dc.subjectFLOODING
dc.subjectFLOODS
dc.subjectFUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT RESPONSE
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHEALTH FACILITIES
dc.subjectHEALTH RISKS
dc.subjectHIGH TEMPERATURES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD LEVEL
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectIMMIGRANTS
dc.subjectIMMUNIZATION
dc.subjectIMPACT OF CLIMATE
dc.subjectIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectIMPACT OF WEATHER
dc.subjectIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectIMPACTS OF WEATHER
dc.subjectINADEQUATE RAINFALL
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINTERNAL MIGRATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
dc.subjectIPCC
dc.subjectISSUES OF POVERTY
dc.subjectJOB OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectJOB TRAINING
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectKIDS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLAKES
dc.subjectLARGE CITIES
dc.subjectLEGAL STATUS
dc.subjectLIVING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLOWER PRICES
dc.subjectMIGRANT
dc.subjectMIGRANTS
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMIGRATION FLOWS
dc.subjectMIGRATION POLICY
dc.subjectMIGRATION STATISTICS
dc.subjectMINORITY
dc.subjectMOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE
dc.subjectNATURAL DISASTERS
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNEGATIVE IMPACT
dc.subjectNEGATIVE IMPACTS
dc.subjectNUMBER OF PEOPLE
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPESTICIDES
dc.subjectPLACE OF RESIDENCE
dc.subjectPOLICY DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectPOLICY DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESPONSE
dc.subjectPOLITICAL LEADERSHIP
dc.subjectPOPULATION DATA
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROUPS
dc.subjectPOTENTIAL MIGRANTS
dc.subjectPRECIPITATION
dc.subjectPROVISION OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subjectPULL FACTORS
dc.subjectPUSH FACTOR
dc.subjectPUSH FACTORS
dc.subjectRAIN
dc.subjectRAINFALL
dc.subjectRAINFALL REDUCTION
dc.subjectRAINY SEASON
dc.subjectREMITTANCE
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATIONS
dc.subjectRURAL RESIDENTS
dc.subjectSAFETY NET
dc.subjectSAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSCHOOL ENROLMENT
dc.subjectSEA LEVEL
dc.subjectSEASONAL TEMPERATURE
dc.subjectSOCIAL NORMS
dc.subjectSOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
dc.subjectSOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectSOIL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectSOIL EROSION
dc.subjectSTORMS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectTEMPERATURE
dc.subjectTEMPERATURE VARIABILITY
dc.subjectTEMPERATURES
dc.subjectTEMPORARY MIGRATION
dc.subjectTOLERANCE
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectUNCERTAINTIES
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectURBAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectURBAN DWELLERS
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectVULNERABILITY
dc.subjectWATER DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectWATER SCARCITY
dc.subjectWEATHER CONDITIONS
dc.subjectWEATHER DATA
dc.subjectWEATHER EVENT
dc.subjectWEATHER PATTERNS
dc.subjectWEATHER SHOCK
dc.subjectWEATHER SHOCKS
dc.subjectWEATHER STATION
dc.subjectWEATHER STATION DATA
dc.subjectWEATHER VARIABLES
dc.subjectWOMAN
dc.subjectYOUNG WOMEN
dc.titleClimate Change and Migration : Evidence from the Middle East and North Africaen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaClimate Change
okr.date.disclosure2014-07-17
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Publication
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/07/19798427/climate-change-migration-evidence-middle-east-north-africa
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeEnvironment and Natural Resources
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid748271468278938347
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000442464_20140717131124
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum19798427
okr.identifier.report89371
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/17/000442464_20140717131124/Rendered/PDF/893710PUB0978000Box385270B00PUBLIC0.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeMiddle East and North Africa
okr.region.countryAlgeria
okr.region.countryEgypt, Arab Republic of
okr.region.countryMorocco
okr.region.countrySyrian Arab Republic
okr.region.countryYemen, Republic of
okr.region.geographicalNorth Africa
okr.region.geographicalMiddle East
okr.topicEnvironment::Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Climate Change Economics
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.topicEnvironment::Climate Change Impacts
okr.topicScience and Technology Development::Science of Climate Change
okr.unitEducation - GP (GEDDR)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublication145013f5-76a3-5525-874a-d3ab1b1db9c5
relation.isAuthorOfPublication0e1cc5e9-dd75-5d05-8ceb-7a0ccd4b98d5
relation.isAuthorOfPublication399fdbd1-12c5-5ac7-9727-5ef73db8386d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery399fdbd1-12c5-5ac7-9727-5ef73db8386d
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