Publication:
Improving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities : The Role of Activation and Graduation Policies in Developing Countries

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dc.contributor.authorArbelaez, Juliana
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Rita
dc.contributor.authorKuddo, Arvo
dc.contributor.authorHonorati, Maddalena
dc.contributor.authorLohmann, Tanja
dc.contributor.authorOvadiya, Mirey
dc.contributor.authorPop, Lucian
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Michael
dc.contributor.authorSanchez Puerta, Maria Laura
dc.date.accessioned2013-05-28T13:55:46Z
dc.date.available2013-05-28T13:55:46Z
dc.date.issued2012-03-01
dc.description.abstractThroughout the developing world there is a growing demand for advice on the design of policies to facilitate access of the most vulnerable individuals to jobs, while reducing their dependency from public income support schemes. Even though these policies are common to both the activation and graduation agendas, a separation is needed as the graduation of beneficiaries out of poverty is a much more ambitious agenda. This paper proposes a simple policy framework highlighting the most common barriers for productive employment. It also reviews the topic of incentive compatibility of income support schemes and employment support programs that are used to address them. The paper finds that, especially in middle income countries, activation and active labor market programs play an important role connecting individuals to jobs and improving earnings opportunities. In low income countries, these programs are far from being a panacea to graduate beneficiaries out of poverty. Furthermore, only scant evidence is available on the pathways to graduation and significant knowledge gaps remain. More cross-disciplinary research is needed to strengthen the evidence base and develop recommendations for different contexts and capacity levels.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/03/15961879/improving-access-jobs-earnings-opportunities-role-activation-graduation-policies-developing-countries
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/13549
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/13549
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesSocial Protection and Labor Discussion Paper;No. 1204
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectACCESS TO MARKETS
dc.subjectACCOUNTABILITY
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectACTIVE LABOR
dc.subjectACTIVE LABOR MARKET
dc.subjectACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY
dc.subjectACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS
dc.subjectADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
dc.subjectADULT EDUCATION
dc.subjectASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
dc.subjectBENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectBENEFICIARY
dc.subjectBENEFIT AMOUNT
dc.subjectBENEFIT LEVEL
dc.subjectBENEFIT LEVELS
dc.subjectBORROWING
dc.subjectCAPITAL MARKETS
dc.subjectCASH TRANSFERS
dc.subjectCLAIMING UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectCONDITIONAL CASH
dc.subjectCONTROL GROUPS
dc.subjectCULTURAL FACTORS
dc.subjectCULTURE OF DEPENDENCY
dc.subjectDECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectDELIVERY MODELS
dc.subjectEARLY RETIREMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC CRISIS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DOWNTURNS
dc.subjectECONOMIC RECOVERY
dc.subjectELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
dc.subjectEMPLOYABILITY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT EFFECTS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OFFICES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT SERVICES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT STATUS
dc.subjectEXTERNAL FINANCING
dc.subjectFAMILY ALLOWANCES
dc.subjectFAMILY BENEFIT
dc.subjectFEE WAIVERS
dc.subjectFINDING WORK
dc.subjectFOOD AID
dc.subjectFOOD TRANSFERS
dc.subjectFORMAL LABOR MARKET
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGMI
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectGUARANTEED MINIMUM INCOME
dc.subjectHEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subjectHEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEADS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectIMPACT EVALUATION
dc.subjectINCENTIVE SCHEMES
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME POVERTY
dc.subjectINCOME SUPPORT
dc.subjectINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM
dc.subjectINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectINCOME SUPPORT SYSTEMS
dc.subjectINCOME TAX CREDITS
dc.subjectINCOME TRANSFER
dc.subjectINCOME TRANSFERS
dc.subjectINFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS
dc.subjectINNOVATION
dc.subjectINSURANCE SCHEMES
dc.subjectINSURANCE SYSTEMS
dc.subjectJOB LOSS
dc.subjectJOB OFFERS
dc.subjectJOB SEARCH
dc.subjectJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectJOB SEARCH WORKSHOP
dc.subjectJOB TRAINING
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectLABOR DEMAND
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET CONDITIONS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET OUTCOMES
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLABOR ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectLABOR POLICIES
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLABOR REGULATIONS
dc.subjectLABOR RESOURCES
dc.subjectLABOR SUPPLY
dc.subjectLACK OF SKILLS
dc.subjectLIMITED CAPACITY
dc.subjectLONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectMACROECONOMIC STABILITY
dc.subjectMARKET WAGE
dc.subjectMINIMUM INCOME
dc.subjectMINIMUM WAGE
dc.subjectMONITORING COSTS
dc.subjectMORAL HAZARD
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectPARTICIPATION OF BENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectPARTTIME EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectPAYROLL TAXES
dc.subjectPENSION
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectPOVERTY RATES
dc.subjectPRIVATE COMPANY
dc.subjectPRIVATE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectPRIVATE PROVISION
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectPROGRAM CONDITIONAL
dc.subjectPROGRAM DESIGN
dc.subjectPROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
dc.subjectPROGRAM ELIGIBILITY
dc.subjectPROGRAM EVALUATION
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPROTECTION SYSTEM
dc.subjectPROTECTION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC SUPPORT
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSFERS
dc.subjectPUBLIC WORKS
dc.subjectPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS
dc.subjectREEMPLOYMENT BONUS
dc.subjectRESERVATION WAGE
dc.subjectRISK MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSAFETY NET
dc.subjectSAFETY NET PROGRAMS
dc.subjectSAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSAVINGS ACCOUNTS
dc.subjectSELF EMPLOYED
dc.subjectSELF TARGETING
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectSHORT TERM EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectSINGLE MOTHERS
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSKILLS DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSKILLS TRAINING
dc.subjectSOCIAL ACTION
dc.subjectSOCIAL ACTION FUND
dc.subjectSOCIAL ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectSOCIAL BENEFITS
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectSOCIAL INSURANCE
dc.subjectSOCIAL PENSIONS
dc.subjectSOCIAL POLICIES
dc.subjectSOCIAL POLICY
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROGRAMS
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectSOCIAL SAFETY NET
dc.subjectSOCIAL SAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSOCIAL WELFARE
dc.subjectSOCIAL WORKERS
dc.subjectSSN
dc.subjectTARGETED TRANSFERS
dc.subjectTARGETING
dc.subjectTAX CREDITS
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTRAINING PROGRAMS
dc.subjectTRAINING REQUIREMENTS
dc.subjectTRANSITION ECONOMIES
dc.subjectTREATMENT GROUPS
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYED
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT DURATION
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT SPELL
dc.subjectUNSKILLED LABOR
dc.subjectUNSKILLED WORK
dc.subjectVOCATIONAL TRAINING
dc.subjectVOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMS
dc.subjectVULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS
dc.subjectWAGE RATES
dc.subjectWAGE SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectWAGE SUBSIDY
dc.subjectWAGE WORK
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWELFARE PROGRAMS
dc.subjectWELFARE RECIPIENTS
dc.subjectWORK ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectWORK EXPERIENCE
dc.subjectWORK INCENTIVES
dc.subjectWORK PROGRAM
dc.subjectWORK REQUIREMENT
dc.subjectWORKER
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKFARE
dc.subjectWORKFARE PROGRAMS
dc.subjectWORKING CAPITAL
dc.subjectYOUTH EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectactivation
dc.subjectincentive compatibility
dc.titleImproving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities : The Role of Activation and Graduation Policies in Developing Countriesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaJobs
okr.date.disclosure2012-03-22
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-05T12:15:42.935062Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/03/15961879/improving-access-jobs-earnings-opportunities-role-activation-graduation-policies-developing-countries
okr.globalpracticeSocial Protection and Labor
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.guid735381468339049141
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000356161_20120322015722
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum15961879
okr.identifier.report67610
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000356161_20120322015722/Rendered/PDF/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdfen
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Safety Nets and Transfers
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Poverty Impact Evaluation
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Markets
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Policies
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.unitSocial Protection Team (HDNSP)
relation.isAuthorOfPublication4f18a744-04dd-5a82-ae6c-5ab45a519d42
relation.isAuthorOfPublication6fb9dbbe-4cb6-5e0c-8c31-40a66e21d3d0
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationd458eaf1-bef9-5c20-8337-acf532869fd4
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery6fb9dbbe-4cb6-5e0c-8c31-40a66e21d3d0
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