Publication: Learning from the Evidence on Forced Displacement: Program Brief
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2024-08-01
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2024-08-01
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In recent years, forced displacement has become a phenomenon of tragic proportions. Every year, more people are forced to flee their homes to safer shelter, either within their countries’ borders or in the low- and middle-income countries where 76 percent of the forcibly displaced find refuge. A historian writing in the 22nd century may regard the first quarter of the 21st century as a pivotal period for the history of forced displacement, when the number of forcibly displaced persons more than doubled from approximately 40 million people in the early 2000s to 108.4 million people at the end of 2022. This amounts to a staggering 1 in every 74 people on earth. These figures are provoked by protracted conflicts and new conflicts, violence, persecution, or severe political and economic crises taking place in many parts of the world. Displacement is rarely a short-term predicament. Many who become displaced remain displaced for years. At the end of 2022, 67 percent of the 108.4 million people who have fled their homes endured protracted displacement. For the displaced, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities become uncertain. Most of the displaced take refuge in low- and middle-income countries. Media coverage often focuses on refugees fleeing into affluent nations, such as the influx of Syrians and Ukrainians to countries in Europe. However, nearly seven out of ten people who flee violence are internally displaced within the borders of their home countries or live as refugees in neighboring low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A new policy resolved started taking shape at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015. Increasingly, forced displacements were viewed as a humanitarian and development challenge. Development and humanitarian practitioners recognized the protracted nature of forced displacement situations and their impact on many already struggling low- and middle-income countries. They also recognized the need for more cooperation and coordination between humanitarian and development actors in these contexts. The ratification in 2019 of the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was an important milestone in support of a shift to an improved forced displacement response, anchored on the principle of responsibility sharing.
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“World Bank. 2024. Learning from the Evidence on Forced Displacement: Program Brief. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/41990 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Changing the Narrative on Forced Displacement(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-29)Forced displacement has become a phenomenon of tragic proportions. By the end of 2022, more than 108 million people were forcibly displaced, having escaped conflict, violence, or persecution. Low- and middle-income countries absorbed 76 percent of this displaced population, and often for a protracted period, as two-thirds of the total refugee population remain displaced for many consecutive years.1 A new policy resolve emerged at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015 and matured in 2019 with the ratification of the Global Compact on Refugees. Viewing forced displacement as a humanitarian and development challenge, the new approach recognized that cooperation and coordination must improve among governments and humanitarian as well as development actors in responding to forced displacement. Anchored on the principle of ‘responsibility sharing’, the Compact constituted the basis to guide this more effective response to forced displacement. But lack of data and evidence impeded the formulation of evidence-based policies and programs to address forced displacement. In 2015, reliable microdata on refugees was scarce and difficult to obtain. For internally displaced persons (IDPs), such data was nearly non-existent. These data gaps limited opportunities for rigorous research, which in turn constrained opportunities for evidence-based policymakingPublication Displaced Persons from Ukraine in Moldova(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-08-13)As the number of forcibly displaced persons around the world reached a record 120 million in June 2024, the World Bank continues to deepen its efforts to understand and respond to the unique needs of these vulnerable populations. In recognition of the level of priority this issue has taken on in The World Bank, the 2023 edition of the annual World Development Report (WDR) focused on the topic of Migrants, Refugees and Societies. This WDR includes a specific call for a medium-term perspective that addresses the needs of refugees and prioritizes clear global and national responsibility sharing. The World Bank’s support for people displaced outside of their home countries is underpinned by its adherence to the Global Compact on Refugees, adopted by the United Nations in 2018. Most recently, The World Bank adopted a new corporate scorecard which includes the provision of services and livelihoods to displaced persons and host communities as one of the organizations’ 15 main results indicators.4 This study aims to identify the key impacts, needs of refugees and their host communities in Moldova and recommendations for addressing these needs. It builds on previous and ongoing assessments by various agencies, including UN agencies, to better understand the current and future implications of refugee movements and settlements in Moldova, especially in terms of service delivery, infrastructure, household livelihoods and local government capacity. This report’s survey focused on LPAs because these local officials are the primary government points of contact for displaced population in their communities as well as the interlocutors between displaced persons and national government departments. This study focuses on the perspectives of LPAs and the open-ended expressed needs and experiences of displaced persons.Publication Political Economy and Forced Displacement : Guidance and Lessons from Nine Country Case Studies(Washington, DC, 2014-06-17)This report was produced for the Global Program on Forced Displacement and describes why and how to conduct political economy analysis (PEA) of forced displacement. It also illustrates how PEA may contribute to understanding forced displacement crises with nine case studies: Casamance (Senegal), Colombia, Cote dapos;Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, the Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, and Zimbabwe. Forced displacement is understood here as a situation where persons are forced to leave or flee their homes due to conflict, violence, or human rights violations. The key elements of forced displacement PEAs include: i) a review of the historical context and displacement characteristics; ii) durable solutions prospects; iii) environmental, geographic, social, political, and economic drivers, constraints and opportunities; (iv) needs of the displaced and hosts; v) existing policies, government/institutional context, and operations; and vi) recommendations. Recommendations on development policies and programs that result from a PEA characteristically fall into at least four categories, namely: i) improving access to land, housing and property; ii) reestablishment of livelihoods; iii) improving delivery of services; and iv) strengthening accountable and responsible governance. PEAs of forced displacement analyze the contestation and distribution of power and resources along with the development challenges associated with forced displacement crises. By nature of their marginalization and the frequently protracted nature of their exile, the forcibly displaced are especially vulnerable as power and resources are disputed. The purpose of conducting a PEA on forced displacement is to inform policy dialogue and operations so that the interests of vulnerable forcibly displaced populations and their hosts are effectively accommodated in resource allocation decision-making and in poverty alleviation initiatives. From the earliest design phase to dissemination of the results, the PEA is essentially an exercise in effectively collecting relevant data, analyzing these, and then marketing the analysis and its operational implications to the right stakeholders. This report is intended to be an aid in navigating these decision points and activities and to encourage more frequent and better use of political economy analysis in evaluating and addressing forced displacement.Publication Assessing the Impacts and Costs of Forced Displacement : Volume 1. A Mixed Methods Approach(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-05-01)Globally, over 40 million people have been forced to leave or flee their homes due to conflict, violence, and human rights violations either as refugees outside their country of origin or Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). A substantial number live in protracted displacement where return has not been possible.Forced displacement is a humanitarian crisis: but it also produces developmental impacts - short and longer term, negative and positive - affecting human and social capital, economic growth, poverty reduction efforts, environmental sustainability and societal fragility. A prevailing view is that refugees are a burden on the development aspirations of host countries and populations and that negative socio-economic and environmental impacts and costs outweigh the positive contributions (actual or potential) that forcibly displaced people might make. The losses incurred by the displaced populations themselves reinforce perceptions of vulnerability and dependency and thus assumptions of the burden they might impose. This study provides such a methodology. The development and drafting of the methodology and the state of the art literature review was conducted by the refugee studies centre, with valuable and constructive inputs from the partner organizations.Publication Forced Displacement of and Potential Solutions for IDPs and Refugees in the Sahel : Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger(Washington, DC, 2013-10)The Sahel region has seen the forcible displacement of more than million persons as a result of conflict. Tackling displacement in the Sahel is critical for both poverty alleviation and stabilization, and only a development response will be adequate to the task. A development response to forced displacement in the Sahel requires a regional approach. Such an approach would have the benefits of being able to overcome challenges relating to cross-border movements, obtain commitments by host governments to support the prospects of displaced from neighboring countries, and facilitate common approaches, shared conceptualization and learning. The purpose of this scoping study on forced displacement is to contribute towards the formulation of a regional policy framework for sustainable solutions to displacement and towards the substantiation of a development response. The main challenges for the displaced populations include: i) livelihoods; ii) relations with host communities; iii) cohesion; iv) depletion of services; and v) governance. Measures to be taken to address the needs of these communities are: 1) improving the monitoring of population movement and knowledge on the locations, profiles and needs of the displaced, their host and return communities; 2) ensuring that the displaced and those affected by them can benefit from ongoing wider development investments in the region by designing 'displacement-sensitive' interventions; 3) strengthening services in affected areas through targeted regional investment programs; 4) employment creation and livelihood generation for those displaced; 5) delivering resources for the displaced in such a way that important outcomes are achieved; and 6) exploring the creative use of new technologies to extent information and development benefits to the displaced.
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