Publication:
Breathing Clean : Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Buses

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dc.contributor.authorKojima, Masami
dc.date.accessioned2013-06-19T20:28:20Z
dc.date.available2013-06-19T20:28:20Z
dc.date.issued2001-10
dc.description.abstractIn response to emerging epidemiological evidence of the toxicity of diesel vehicular emissions, there is growing interest in substituting conventional diesel with much cleaner natural gas in cities where ambient concentrations of particulate matter are markedly higher than what is internationally considered acceptable. This paper compares the performance of natural gas and conventional diesel buses, and outlines the barriers to the adoption of natural gas buses in developing countries. In the absence of emissions standards that effectively require natural gas, natural gas-fueled buses are unlikely to be adopted because they are more expensive to operate relative to diesel buses. The social case for replacing diesel with natural gas a fuel for buses rests on environmental grounds. If a local government decides that the reduction in air pollution associated with the substitution of conventional diesel with natural gas for use in buses is worth the cost, then it needs to adopt policies to encourage the switch to natural gas. These might include emissions standards for buses, or fuel and vehicle taxes that reflect marginal social costs. The contribution of exhaust emissions from buses to the ambient concentrations of harmful pollutants needs to be quantified so that associated health damage costs can be estimated.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/10/1652164/breathing-clean-considering-switch-natural-gas-buses
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/0-8213-5040-4
dc.identifier.isbn0-8213-5040-4
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/14033
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.relation.ispartofseriesWorld Bank Technical Paper;No. 516
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectADVANCED VEHICLE
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectAIR RESOURCES
dc.subjectAIRBORNE PARTICLES
dc.subjectAIRBORNE TOXINS
dc.subjectALTERNATIVE FUELS
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR QUALITY
dc.subjectAMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS
dc.subjectATMOSPHERE
dc.subjectATMOSPHERIC GASES
dc.subjectAUTOMOTIVE DIESEL
dc.subjectBIOMASS
dc.subjectBLACK SMOKE
dc.subjectBUS FLEET
dc.subjectBUS INDUSTRY
dc.subjectBUS OPERATORS
dc.subjectCARBON
dc.subjectCARBON DIOXIDE
dc.subjectCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
dc.subjectCHOICE OF FUEL
dc.subjectCLEAN DIESEL
dc.subjectCLEAN WATER
dc.subjectCOMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
dc.subjectCOMPRESSION IGNITION
dc.subjectCONSTRUCTION
dc.subjectCONVENTIONAL DIESELS
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL EMISSION STANDARDS
dc.subjectDIESEL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectDIESEL ENGINES
dc.subjectDIESEL PARTICULATE
dc.subjectDIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectDIESEL POWER
dc.subjectDIESEL VEHICLES
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION PIPELINES
dc.subjectDUAL-FUEL BUSES
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTIONS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS REDUCTION
dc.subjectENGINE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
dc.subjectEXHAUST EMISSIONS
dc.subjectFINE PARTICLES
dc.subjectFOREST MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL COMPOSITION
dc.subjectFUEL COST
dc.subjectFUEL COST SAVINGS
dc.subjectFUEL ECONOMY
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICE
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL PRICING
dc.subjectFUEL QUALITY
dc.subjectFUEL SWITCHING
dc.subjectFUEL TAX
dc.subjectFUEL TAXATION
dc.subjectGAS
dc.subjectGAS CYLINDERS
dc.subjectGAS DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectGAS ENGINES
dc.subjectGAS INDUSTRY
dc.subjectGAS VEHICLES
dc.subjectGASEOUS FUEL
dc.subjectGASEOUS FUELS
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGASOLINE CAR
dc.subjectGASOLINE ENGINES
dc.subjectGASOLINE VEHICLES
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
dc.subjectGROSS EMITTERS
dc.subjectGROUNDWATER
dc.subjectHEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
dc.subjectHIGH LEVELS
dc.subjectHOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
dc.subjectHYDROCARBONS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL NATURAL GAS
dc.subjectLIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
dc.subjectLIQUID FUELS
dc.subjectLOWER EMISSIONS
dc.subjectMETHANE
dc.subjectMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS BUS
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS BUSES
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS PIPELINE
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS VEHICLE
dc.subjectOCTANE
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOXIDES OF NITROGEN
dc.subjectOXIDES OF SULFUR
dc.subjectOZONE
dc.subjectOZONE PRECURSOR
dc.subjectPARTICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectPARTICULATE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectPARTICULATE MATTER
dc.subjectPIPELINES
dc.subjectPOLLUTANTS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectPOWER GENERATION
dc.subjectPOWER PLANTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT
dc.subjectREFINERY
dc.subjectTRAFFIC
dc.subjectTRANSPORT FUEL
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SECTOR
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectVEHICLE EXHAUST
dc.titleBreathing Clean : Considering the Switch to Natural Gas Busesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaClimate Change
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Publication
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Publication
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/10/1652164/breathing-clean-considering-switch-natural-gas-buses
okr.globalpracticeEnvironment and Natural Resources
okr.globalpracticeWater
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid427641468741595830
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/0-8213-5040-4
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000094946_0201040949174
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum1652164
okr.identifier.reportWTP516
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/01/18/000094946_0201040949174/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeEast Asia and Pacific
okr.region.administrativeEurope and Central Asia
okr.region.administrativeLatin America & Caribbean
okr.sectorEnergy and mining :: Oil and gas
okr.sectorEnergy and mining :: General energy sector
okr.topicEnvironment::Carbon Policy and Trading
okr.topicEnergy::Energy and Environment
okr.topicOil Refining and Gas Industry
okr.topicWater Resources::Water and Industry
okr.topicTransport and Environment
okr.unitCOCOG
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