Publication: Transforming Arab Economies : Traveling Knowledge and Innovation Road, Full Report
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2013-09-17
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2014-01-30
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Over the past decade, some countries of the Middle East and North Africa region have spurred economic growth and improved their global competitiveness by taking the first steps in the direction of the knowledge economy. The World Bank Group focuses on Arab societies that deepen their commitment to reforms in four key policy areas: developing more open and entrepreneurial economies, preparing a better-educated and skilled population, improving capabilities for innovation and research, and expanding information and communication technologies. The success of a knowledge-economy strategy depends on coordinated progress on all four fronts, with bold approaches tailored to each country's challenges and opportunities. This report includes chapters organized into three main parts. Part 1 presents the rationale and approach for the transition to the knowledge- and innovation-driven economy. Part 2 describes the policies to be implemented in key areas of the knowledge economy: governance, education, innovation, and information and communication technology. Part 3 discusses economic diversification initiatives that can help countries make the most of their knowledge-economy investments. The three annexes to this report review the literature on the relationship between the knowledge economy and job creation in the Middle East and North Africa region, provide insights on a series of country experiences from across the world in developing knowledge-based development strategies, and survey knowledge-economy issues in several Arab countries and highlight policy initiatives that are adapted to their specific country circumstances.
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“World Bank. 2013. Transforming Arab Economies : Traveling Knowledge and Innovation Road, Full Report. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16750 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Transforming Arab Economies : Traveling Knowledge and Innovation Road, Overview(Washington, DC, 2013-09-17)Over the past decade, some countries of the Middle East and North Africa region have spurred economic growth and improved their global competitiveness by taking the first steps in the direction of the knowledge economy. The World Bank Group focuses on Arab societies that deepen their commitment to reforms in four key policy areas: developing more open and entrepreneurial economies, preparing a better-educated and skilled population, improving capabilities for innovation and research, and expanding information and communication technologies. The success of a knowledge-economy strategy depends on coordinated progress on all four fronts, with bold approaches tailored to each country's challenges and opportunities. This report includes chapters organized into three main parts. Part 1 presents the rationale and approach for the transition to the knowledge- and innovation-driven economy. Part 2 describes the policies to be implemented in key areas of the knowledge economy: governance, education, innovation, and information and communication technology. Part 3 discusses economic diversification initiatives that can help countries make the most of their knowledge-economy investments. The three annexes to this report review the literature on the relationship between the knowledge economy and job creation in the Middle East and North Africa region, provide insights on a series of country experiences from across the world in developing knowledge-based development strategies, and survey knowledge-economy issues in several Arab countries and highlight policy initiatives that are adapted to their specific country circumstances.Publication Korea and the Knowledge-based Economy : Making the Transition(Washington, DC: World Bank and OECD, 2000-06)Knowledge is fast becoming a key factor in economic and social development worldwide. Rapid innovations in science, communications and computing technologies are opening up new opportunities for countries to harness knowledge and participate more fully in the global economy. Developing countries that successfully make the transition to the knowledge-based economy will have unprecedented possibilities to become more competitive in world markets and to participate in the global information society. New technologies can also extend the benefits of knowledge to all segments of society and help countries close the gap in living standards among their citizens. This book defines a knowledge-based economy as one where knowledge is created, acquired, transmitted and used effectively by enterprises, organizations, individuals and communities. It does not focus narrowly on high-technology industries or on information and communications technologies, but rather presents a framework for analyzing a range of policy options in education, information infrastructure and innovation systems that can help usher in the knowledge economy. It also makes the case for better co-ordination among the government, the private sector and civil society to enhance competitiveness and advance economic and social development.Publication Background Paper for the Workshop on Science, Technology, and Innovation in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria(Washington, DC, 2009-06-15)In the last five decades, there has been a rapid growth in the effort to coordinate scientific research. Improvements and advances in science and technology are now considered a major force in accelerating growth and improving living standards. Though technological progress can arise from accidental discoveries, it is crucially dependent on intentional investments of resources (be they human/intellectual or financial) by governments, profit-seeking firms and individuals as well as various institutions (academic, research and so on). Research and technological advances can be driven by various motives (from military purposes to the pursue of fame), but the catalytic role of commercial returns and economic incentives to industrial innovation cannot be overrated. Approximately 80 per cent of all R&D is conducted in developed economies. In turn, some of the knowledge of these countries flows into and creates the stimulus for new ideas in less developed and less R&D intensive economies through technology transfers. The degree of R&D intensity in an economy is determined by a number of factors that range from macroeconomic stability and sound public policies, to the development of human capital and an openness to ideas. In a constantly changing international environment, countries need to find their own ways to innovative in order to remain competitive. Even resource abundant economies are now seeking to diversify economic resources, and an important aspect of this drive is building the capacity to tap into a continuously growing stock of global knowledge and, in doing do, tailoring it to meet local needs.Publication Leveraging High Technology to Drive Innovation and Competitiveness and Build the Sri Lankan Knowledge Economy(World Bank, 2009-06-01)This study was done at an opportune time in Sri Lanka's history: with end of the war there is hope for the country's peace, prosperity, and growth. To encourage economic growth, this study examines how high technology can drive competitiveness in key export-oriented industries and help build a strong Sri Lankan knowledge economy. The study examines global experience from economies around the world, but particularly several in Southeast Asia, to provide guidance on the role of national governments in enabling the development of a high-tech export sector and the application of high technologies in domestic production. More specifically, it reviews public policies, strategies, and investments in comparable countries that have been successful in promoting the absorption and use of high technologies for competitiveness, and applies lessons to Sri Lanka.Publication From Technological Catch-up to Innovation : The Future of China’s GDP Growth(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-01-02)This report stats that income gaps among countries are largely explained by differences in productivity. By raising the capital/labor ratio and rapidly assimilating technologies across a wide range of activities, China has increased factor productivity manifold since 1980 and joined the ranks of middle income countries. With the launch of the 12th FYP, China has set its sights on becoming a high income country by 2030 through a strategy combining high levels of investment with rapid advances in technology comparable to that of Japan from the 1960s through the 1970s, and Korea s from the 1980s through the end of the century. The report concludes that the best bet is an innovation system anchored to and drawing its energy from a competitive national economy. Technological progress and the flourishing of innovation in China will be the function of a competitive, globally networked ecosystem constructed in two stages during 2011- 2030. Government technology cum competition policies will provide impetus in the first stage, but success will hinge on the quality of the workforce, the initiative and policies of firms, the emergence of supporting services.
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