Publication: Water, Electricity, and the Poor : Who Benefits from Utility Subsidies?
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2008-10
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2012-08-13
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Utility subsidies to consumers of water and electricity services are often justified as a mechanism for making services affordable for the poor. After all, an estimated 1.1 billion people in the developing world lack access to safe water, 2 billion are without electricity, and 2.4 billion without sanitation. But critics object that such subsidies can work against improving quality of service to existing consumers and extending access to unconnected households. Financially strapped utilities are often inefficient, provide low-quality services, and lag behind in expanding networks. During the 1990s, experts urged that water and electricity services should charge enough to fully cover costs. Households could spend 10-50 percent more on water and electricity without major effects on poverty levels, but in many countries much larger price increases are needed to recover costs. A substantial proportion of the population of lower income countries may find it difficult to pay the full cost of services.
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“Komives, Kristin; Foster, Vivien; Halpern, Jonathan; Wodon, Quentin; Abdullah, Roohi. 2008. Water, Electricity, and the Poor : Who Benefits from Utility Subsidies?. Water P-Notes; No. 20. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/11745 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
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Publication Water, Electricity, and the Poor : Who Benefits from Utility Subsidies?(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005-10)While consumer utility subsidies are widespread in both the water and electricity sectors, their effectiveness in reaching and distributing resources to the poor is the subject of much debate. This publication brings together empirical evidence on subsidy performance across a wide range of countries. It documents the prevalence of consumer subsidies, provides a typology of the many variants found in the developing world, and presents a number of indicators useful in assessing the degree to which such subsidies benefit the poor, focusing on three key concepts: beneficiary incidence, benefit incidence, and materiality. 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Subsidies should be provided long enough before eligibility is reassessed to avoid "poverty trap" problems. 6) The utility or concessionaire can be helpful in identifying eligible candidates, because of its superior information on the payment histories of customers. It will also have an incentive to do so, since it has an interest in improving poor payment records. Thought should therefore be given at the design stage to the role of the service provider in the implementation of the subsidy scheme. 7) The administrative agency's responsibilities, the sources of funding, and the general principles guiding the subsidy system should have a clear legal basis, backed by regulations governing administrative procedures. 8) To reduce administrative costs, and avoid duplication of effort, it would be desirable for a single set of institutional arrangements to be used to determine eligibility for all welfare, and subsidy programs in a given jurisdiction, whether sub-national, or national.Publication Infrastructure Reform, Better Subsidies, and the Information Deficit(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2000-06)In developing countries the provision of water and sanitation services is often subsidized. These subsidies take the form of a general underpricing of water, numerous cross-subsidies, and inefficient billing and collection. An essential part of infrastructure reform is the redesign of subsidies. In the design of an optimal subsidy scheme the key decisions are the choice of eligibility criteria, the level of the subsidy and the budgetary requirements. However, the lack of consistent and reliable data sets which combine socioeconomic and water consumption information may be an important obstacle to making good decisions, undermining efforts to provide affordable water services for the poor. This Note discusses the type of information required, where it can be found, and ways to deal with shortcomings in the data. To illustrate, the Note draws on data from World Bank work in Panama.
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