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Growing Vulnerability: What Happened to Europe’s Middle Class in the Course of a Decade ?

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dc.contributor.authorBussolo, Maurizio
dc.contributor.authorKarver, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorLokshin, Michael M.
dc.contributor.authorLópez-Calva, Luis-Felipe
dc.contributor.authorTorre, Iván
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-28T16:18:04Z
dc.date.available2025-01-28T16:18:04Z
dc.date.issued2025-01-28
dc.description.abstractThis paper uses a vulnerability-based approach to analyze the evolution of the middle class in Europe between 2005–08 and 2015–18. The analysis reveals that, on average, the income level needed to ensure a low probability of falling into poverty—also understood as the vulnerability threshold—increased between those periods in real terms. This increase correlates with decreases in the size of the middle class in many European countries. In parallel, the composition of the middle class changed, with an increased share of tertiary-educated household heads and a larger share of household heads with managerial and professional occupations. Lastly, the households that were not poor, but not yet middle class, were further from becoming middle class in the second period than in the first period.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099944301272529628/IDU124c067b91275c14462197911ae2db330087d
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-11047
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/42734
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; 11047
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectVULNERABILITY
dc.subjectMIDDLE CLASS
dc.subjectPOVERTY
dc.subjectEUROPE
dc.titleGrowing Vulnerabilityen
dc.title.subtitleWhat Happened to Europe’s Middle Class in the Course of a Decade ?en
dc.typeWorking Paper
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.date.disclosure2025-01-28
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-14T11:56:20.787221Z
okr.date.lastmodified2025-01-27T00:00:00Zen
okr.doctypePolicy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099944301272529628/IDU124c067b91275c14462197911ae2db330087d
okr.guid099944301272529628
okr.identifier.docmidIDU-24c067b9-275c-4462-9791-ae2db330087d
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-11047
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum34450062
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum34450062
okr.identifier.reportWPS11047
okr.import.id6435
okr.importedtrueen
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099944301272529628/pdf/IDU124c067b91275c14462197911ae2db330087d.pdfen
okr.region.geographicalEurope
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Income
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Poverty Assessment
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Poverty Monitoring & Analysis
okr.unitOffice of the Chief Economist (ECACE)
okr.unitProsperity-PovertyandEquity-GD (EPVDR)
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