Publication:
Urban Poverty and Transport : The Case of Mumbai

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dc.contributor.authorBasu, Rakhi
dc.contributor.authorBaker, Judy
dc.contributor.authorCropper, Maureen
dc.contributor.authorTakeuchi, Akie
dc.contributor.authorLall, Somik
dc.date.accessioned2012-06-20T21:57:59Z
dc.date.available2012-06-20T21:57:59Z
dc.date.issued2005-09
dc.description.abstractThis paper reports the results of a survey of 5,000 households in the Greater Mumbai Region conducted in the winter of 2004. The goal of the survey was to better understand the demand for transport services by the poor, the factors affecting this demand, and the inter-linkages between transport decisions and other vital decisions such as where to live and work. This paper, the first of several research outputs, describes the salient facts about travel patterns in Mumbai for both poor and non-poor households. A striking finding of the survey is the extent to which all households-especially poor households-rely on walking. Overall, 44 percent of commuters in Mumbai walk to work. The proportion of the poor who walk to work is even higher-63 percent. Walking is an even higher modal share for nonwork than for work trips. A second finding is that public transit remains an important factor in the mobility of the poor, and especially in the mobility of the middle class. Overall, rail remains the main mode to work for 23 percent of commuters, while bus remains the main mode for 16 percent of commuters. The modal shares for bus are highest for the poor in zones 1-3 (21 percent of the poor in zone 2 take the bus to work), while rail shares are highest for the poor in the suburbs (25 percent of the poor in zone 6 take rail to work). Is the cost and lack of accessibility to transit a barrier to the mobility of the poor? Does it keep them from obtaining better housing and better jobs? This is a difficult question to answer without further analysis of the survey data. But it appears that transport is less of a barrier to the poor who live in central Mumbai (zones 1-3) than it is to the poor who live in the suburbs (zones 4-6). The poor who live in zones 1-3 (central Mumbai) live closer to the non-poor than do poor households in the suburbs. They also live closer to higher-paying jobs for unskilled workers. Workers in these households, on average, commute short distances (less than 3 kilometers), although a non-negligible fraction of them (one-third in zone 2) take public transit to work. It is true that the cost of housing for the poor is higher in central Mumbai than in the suburbs, but the quality of slum housing is at least as good in central Mumbai as in the suburbs. The poor who live in the suburbs of Mumbai, especially in zones 5 and 6, are more isolated from the rich than the poor in central Mumbai: 37 percent of the poor live in zones 5 and 6, whereas only one-fifth of higher income groups do. Wages for skilled and unskilled labor are generally lower in zones 5 and 6 than in the central city, and it appears that unemployment rates for poor males are also higher in these zones. The lower cost of slum and chawl housing in zones 5 and 6 may partly compensate for lower wages. However, a larger proportion of workers in poor households leave zones 5 and 6 to work than is true for poor workers in other zones. Commuting distances are much higher for poor workers in the suburbs than for poor workers in zones 1-3.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/09/6246708/urban-poverty-transport-case-mumbai
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-3693
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/8602
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 3693
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESSIBILITY
dc.subjectARTERIAL ROADS
dc.subjectAVERAGE AGE
dc.subjectBRIDGE
dc.subjectBUSES
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCOMMUTERS
dc.subjectCOMMUTING
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION MODULE
dc.subjectDATA COLLECTION
dc.subjectDATA QUALITY
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectFARES
dc.subjectGPS
dc.subjectGROUP DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD ACCESS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD ASSETS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEAD
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SIZE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD WELFARE
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectJOURNEY
dc.subjectJOURNEY TO WORK
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectMEASURING INCOME
dc.subjectMOBILITY
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLES
dc.subjectMOTORIZED TRANSPORT
dc.subjectNATIONAL AVERAGE
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR CHILDREN
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOOR LIVING
dc.subjectPOVERTY ANALYSIS
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectQUESTIONNAIRE
dc.subjectREGIONAL PLANNING
dc.subjectRESPONDENT FATIGUE
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectSAMPLE SELECTION
dc.subjectSAMPLE SIZE
dc.subjectSAMPLING FRAME
dc.subjectSHARING
dc.subjectSOCIAL EXCLUSION
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSPATIAL DIMENSIONS
dc.subjectSPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectSURVEY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT PLANNING
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRAVEL TIMES
dc.subjectTRIPS
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN POOR
dc.subjectURBAN POVERTY
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subjectVEHICLES
dc.subjectWALKING
dc.subjectWALKING DISTANCE
dc.subjectWALKING TIME
dc.titleUrban Poverty and Transport : The Case of Mumbaien
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleUrban Poverty And Transport : The Case Of Mumbai
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T10:28:56.580495Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/09/6246708/urban-poverty-transport-case-mumbai
okr.globalpracticeSocial, Urban, Rural and Resilience
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeSocial Protection and Labor
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.guid891271468258270484
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-3693
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000016406_20050824160629
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum6246708
okr.identifier.reportWPS3693
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/08/24/000016406_20050824160629/Rendered/PDF/wps3693.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeSouth Asia
okr.region.countryIndia
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Safety Nets and Transfers
okr.topicRoads and Highways
okr.topicServices and Transfers to Poor
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Poverty Assessment
okr.topicTransport
okr.topicRural Development
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationf6d16706-c12d-534e-8d9c-6b77a5e2dac2
relation.isAuthorOfPublication1bad1919-f70a-5855-b415-77aa5d72f22d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryf6d16706-c12d-534e-8d9c-6b77a5e2dac2
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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