Publication:
Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms in Rich and Poor Countries

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dc.contributor.authorHertel, Thomas W.
dc.contributor.authorKeeney, Roman
dc.contributor.authorIvanic, Maros
dc.contributor.authorWinters, L. Alan
dc.date.accessioned2012-06-25T18:46:47Z
dc.date.available2012-06-25T18:46:47Z
dc.date.issued2006-11
dc.description.abstractRich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. The authors' findings reject this claim. The analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the United States, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect U.S. large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/11/7186295/distributional-effects-wto-agricultural-reforms-rich-poor-countries
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4060
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/8963
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4060
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectADVERSE CONSEQUENCES
dc.subjectADVERSE IMPACTS
dc.subjectAGGREGATE LEVEL
dc.subjectAGGREGATE POVERTY
dc.subjectAGGREGATE SUPPLY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTORS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SUPPORT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL TRADE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAVERAGE INCOMES
dc.subjectBASE YEAR
dc.subjectBENCHMARK
dc.subjectBILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectCOMPARABLE SKILLS
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectCONSUMER DEMAND
dc.subjectCONSUMER PREFERENCES
dc.subjectCONSUMER PRICES
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION DATA
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectCOUNTRY CASE
dc.subjectDATA AVAILABILITY
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION DATA
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC MODELING
dc.subjectECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectECONOMICS LITERATURE
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectENGEL CURVES
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFACTOR PRICES
dc.subjectFARM EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectFARM HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectFARM INCOME
dc.subjectFARM INCOMES
dc.subjectFARM LABOR
dc.subjectFARM PRICES
dc.subjectFARM SECTOR
dc.subjectFARM WORKERS
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGE
dc.subjectFULL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGLOBAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT SUPPORT
dc.subjectGROWTH RATE
dc.subjectHEADCOUNT POVERTY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD BUDGET
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD DATA
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD WELFARE
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINCOME ON FOOD
dc.subjectINCOME SHARE
dc.subjectINCOME SHARES
dc.subjectINDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectLABOR
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCES
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLAND
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK PRODUCERS
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
dc.subjectLONG RUN
dc.subjectMILK
dc.subjectMONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectNATIONAL ACCOUNTS
dc.subjectNATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectNATIONAL MODELS
dc.subjectNATIONAL POVERTY
dc.subjectNATIONAL POVERTY RATE
dc.subjectPER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPER CAPITA EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectPER CAPITA EXPENDITURE LEVELS
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subjectPOLICY ANALYSIS
dc.subjectPOLICY CHANGE
dc.subjectPOLICY CHANGES
dc.subjectPOLICY INTERVENTION
dc.subjectPOLICY ISSUES
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOLICY MEASURES
dc.subjectPOLICY REFORMS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOLICY-MAKING PROCESS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL PROCESS
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR COUNTRIES
dc.subjectPOOR FARMERS
dc.subjectPOPULATION DATA
dc.subjectPOPULATION DENSITY
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROUP
dc.subjectPOST-REFORM
dc.subjectPOVERTY ASSESSMENT
dc.subjectPOVERTY LEVEL
dc.subjectPOVERTY LEVELS
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINES
dc.subjectPOVERTY OUTCOMES
dc.subjectPOVERTY RATE
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectPRICE LEVELS
dc.subjectPRO-POOR
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectRELATIVE IMPORTANCE
dc.subjectRESPECT
dc.subjectRICH COUNTRIES
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectRURAL SECTORS
dc.subjectRURAL WAGES
dc.subjectSCALE EFFECTS
dc.subjectSUBSISTENCE
dc.subjectTOTAL POVERTY
dc.subjectTRADE BARRIERS
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectTRADE POLICIES
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE REFORMS
dc.subjectUNSKILLED LABOR
dc.subjectWAGE DIFFERENTIALS
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.subjectWEALTH DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectWELFARE IMPACT
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO
dc.titleDistributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms in Rich and Poor Countriesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleDistributional Effects Of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:48:42.818710Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/11/7186295/distributional-effects-wto-agricultural-reforms-rich-poor-countries
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeSocial, Urban, Rural and Resilience
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid959591468142476543
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4060
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000016406_20061108092229
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum7186295
okr.identifier.reportWPS4060
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/11/08/000016406_20061108092229/Rendered/PDF/wps4060.pdfen
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Achieving Shared Growth
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population
okr.topicRural Development
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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