Publication:
Long-Term Sustainability of Improved Sanitation in Rural Bangladesh

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (3.02 MB)
2,235 downloads
English Text (598.68 KB)
319 downloads
Date
2011-10
ISSN
Published
2011-10
Editor(s)
Abstract
Sanitation needs are significant in Bangladesh, which is the most densely populated country in the world and one of the poorest. Adding to the challenge, about one-third of Bangladesh experiences annual floods and other parts of the country suffer seasonal water shortages. All of these factors have implications for the ability of rural Bangladeshis to construct and maintain latrines. Improving sanitation is a high priority national policy goal in Bangladesh. The goal of this study is to provide the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and it's in country partners with evidence on what makes sanitation behaviors, facilities, related benefits, and programs sustainable in the Bangladesh context. The study focused on five specific objectives: determine the current status of latrine facilities built pre-and post-(Open Defecation-Free) ODF declaration and sanitation practices; understand the perceived benefits to households and communities from community-wide ODF approaches since declaring ODF status; understand whether programmatic inputs from local and national governments and civil society sanitation programs had been sustained to support communities in maintaining their ODF status and helping the poor obtain access to latrines; understand how the growth or attrition of sanitation products and services has affected the sustainability of sanitation behaviors and facilities and ODF status; and most importantly, understand why households and communities had or had not sustained improved sanitation behaviors since ODF declaration.
Link to Data Set
Citation
Hanchett, Suzanne; Krieger, Laurie; Kahn, Mohidul Hoque; Kullmann, Craig; Ahmed, Rokeya. 2011. Long-Term Sustainability of Improved Sanitation in Rural Bangladesh. Water and sanitation program technical paper;WSP. © http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17347 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
    (Washington, DC, 2012-09) World Bank
    This study evaluates the costs and benefits of technical sanitation options and programs in Yunnan Province, China, as part of the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) conducted by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program in East Asia. As an underdeveloped province, Yunnan has achieved huge progress in sanitation improvement since the 1990s. Sanitation options evaluated in the study include the facilities to collect and convey human excreta, household wastewater treatment, and related hygiene practices. The benefits of sanitation evaluated include health, water quality, time to access sanitation facilities, external environment, reuse of human excreta, quality of life improvement, and other intangible benefits such as privacy, cleanliness and comfort. The costs of sanitation measured include investment costs and recurrent costs (operations and maintenance). The study compares the costs and benefits of alternative improved sanitation options over the expected life of each technology, to estimate efficiency of alternative sanitation options. For the study sanitation options in eight different sites throughout Yunnan Province were selected. Three rural sites include: a) villages in Luquan county s mountainous rural villages (R1); b) Dali Shangguan (R2) lakeside plain; and c) villages in Qiubei county (R3). Three urban sites represent: a) Kunming (U1); b) Dali (U2); and c) Qiubei (U3). Two peri-urban sites include: a) Kunyang town of Jinning County (PU1) and b) Dali Zhoucheng (PU2). The economic returns on all improved sanitation options are significant in all the sites evaluated, when compared with no access to basic sanitation.
  • Publication
    Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling Up Sanitation Programs : Himachal Pradesh, India
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01) Robinson, Andy; Raman, Rajiv
    The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets for improved sanitation in Indonesia, Tanzania, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline enabling environment assessment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in May and June 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation, in approximately May or June 2009. The main objective of this assessment was to establish a baseline of the programmatic conditions needed to scale up, sustain and replicate the total sanitation and sanitation marketing in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The TSSM project enables the WSP team to enhance and broaden the level of support provided, to leverage Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) resources and sector opportunities at the national level, to extend its preexisting engagements at the state level, and to facilitate achievement of the TSSM objectives and outcomes. The TSC provides a broad financial and policy framework for sanitation improvement in India, but allows individual states and districts the freedom to develop local policies and interventions according to their specific needs and priorities. This freedom limits central control of program methodology, but allows more progressive local governments to develop and implement new approaches and policies. As a result, there is a wide variation in the effectiveness and outcomes of the TSC in different states.
  • Publication
    Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Lao People's Democratic Republic
    (Washington, DC, 2013-08) World Bank
    Access to improved sanitation is a major concern in the Lao People s Democratic Republic. Only 63 percent of the population of the country had access to improved sanitation facilities in 2010. Sanitation conditions are worse in rural areas. This study aims to generate evidence on the costs and benefits of sanitation improvements Lao PDR.
  • Publication
    Fecal Sludge Management
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016-05-11) World Bank Group
    Urban sanitation remains a significant challenge for most low- and middle-income countries. While sanitation coverage has been increasing across both the 48 least developed countries (LDCs) and developing regions as a whole, progress has been relatively slow. In many cities, even where improved on-site facilities are used to contain excreta, the level of quality and access to services for the emptying, conveyance, treatment, and disposal of the resulting fecal sludge is usually limited. These services are collectively called fecal sludge management (FSM) services. FSM services are the focus of this study, within the broader context of urban sanitation and integrated urban water management (IUWM). This document provides a summary of the diagnostic tools developed for assessing FSM services and is based on field work carried out in the five cities of Balikpapan in Indonesia, Dhaka in Bangladesh, Hawassa in Ethiopia, Lima in Peru, and Santa Cruz in Bolivia. It summarizes the tools themselves, lessons learnt about their use, and general policy recommendations.
  • Publication
    Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling Up Sanitation Programs : Madhya Pradesh, India
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01) Robinson, Andy; Raman, Rajiv
    The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 sanitation Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in Indonesia, Tanzania, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline enabling environment assessment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in May and June 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation in approximately May or June 2009. The main objective of this assessment was to establish a baseline of the programmatic conditions needed to scale up, sustain, and replicate the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) approaches in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Boom, Bust and Up Again? Evolution, Drivers and Impact of Commodity Prices: Implications for Indonesia
    (World Bank, Jakarta, 2010-12) World Bank
    Indonesia is one of the largest commodity exporters in the world, and given its mineral potential and expected commodity price trends, it could and should expand its leading position. Commodities accounted for one fourth of Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and more than one fifth of total government revenue in 2007. The potential for further commodity growth is considerable. Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world (export earnings totaled almost US$9 billion in 2007 and employment 3.8 million full-time jobs) and the sector has good growth prospects. It is also one of the countries with the largest mining potential in view of its second-largest copper reserves and third-largest coal and nickel reserves in the world. This report consists of seven chapters. The first six chapters present an examination and an analysis of the factors driving increased commodity prices, price forecasts, economic impact of commodity price increases, effective price stabilization policies, and insights from Indonesia's past growth experience. The final chapter draws on the findings of the previous chapters and suggests a development strategy for Indonesia in the context of high commodity prices. This section summarizes the contents of the chapters and their main findings.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2009
    (World Bank, 2009) World Bank
    Places do well when they promote transformations along the dimensions of economic geography: higher densities as cities grow; shorter distances as workers and businesses migrate closer to density; and fewer divisions as nations lower their economic borders and enter world markets to take advantage of scale and trade in specialized products. World Development Report 2009 concludes that the transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are essential for development and should be encouraged. The conclusion is controversial. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. A billion people live in lagging areas of developing nations, remote from globalizations many benefits. And poverty and high mortality persist among the world’s bottom billion, trapped without access to global markets, even as others grow more prosperous and live ever longer lives. Concern for these three intersecting billions often comes with the prescription that growth must be spatially balanced. This report has a different message: economic growth will be unbalanced. To try to spread it out is to discourage it to fight prosperity, not poverty. But development can still be inclusive, even for people who start their lives distant from dense economic activity. For growth to be rapid and shared, governments must promote economic integration, the pivotal concept, as this report argues, in the policy debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration. Instead, all three debates overemphasize place-based interventions. Reshaping Economic Geography reframes these debates to include all the instruments of integration spatially blind institutions, spatially connective infrastructure, and spatially targeted interventions. By calibrating the blend of these instruments, today’s developers can reshape their economic geography. If they do this well, their growth will still be unbalanced, but their development will be inclusive.
  • Publication
    Impact Evaluation in Practice, Second Edition
    (Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, 2016-09-13) Gertler, Paul J.; Martinez, Sebastian; Premand, Patrick; Rawlings, Laura B.; Vermeersch, Christel M. J.
    The second edition of the Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners. First published in 2011, it has been used widely across the development and academic communities. The book incorporates real-world examples to present practical guidelines for designing and implementing impact evaluations. Readers will gain an understanding of impact evaluations and the best ways to use them to design evidence-based policies and programs. The updated version covers the newest techniques for evaluating programs and includes state-of-the-art implementation advice, as well as an expanded set of examples and case studies that draw on recent development challenges. It also includes new material on research ethics and partnerships to conduct impact evaluation. The handbook is divided into four sections: Part One discusses what to evaluate and why; Part Two presents the main impact evaluation methods; Part Three addresses how to manage impact evaluations; Part Four reviews impact evaluation sampling and data collection. Case studies illustrate different applications of impact evaluations. The book links to complementary instructional material available online, including an applied case as well as questions and answers. The updated second edition will be a valuable resource for the international development community, universities, and policy makers looking to build better evidence around what works in development.
  • Publication
    Poverty Reduction in Indonesia : Constructing a New Strategy
    (Washington, DC, 2001-10-29) World Bank
    The objective of the report is to point at the need for a new poverty strategy, and the areas of action it should cover, where each area should be specifically discussed, addressing the lives of Indonesia's poor, and the tradeoffs policymakers will need to consider, based on the belief that this poverty strategy should emerge from a broad dialogue among stakeholders. First, in broadening poverty, the report looks at the facts of the late 1990s crisis, which revealed the precariousness of Indonesia's gains in reducing expenditure-based poverty. Thus to extend those gains, the poverty strategy needs to be defined, and then redeveloped by acknowledging the multidimensional reality of poverty, and, it is this notion which will lead to making the strategic choices. Second, within the country's political transition to a democratic, decentralized mode of governance, a poverty strategy needs to be consistent with an empowered populace, and democratic policymaking mechanisms. In creating a policy environment for raising the incomes of the poor, the report identifies the resumption of rapid sustainable growth, with rising real wages, employment opportunities, and, limited inflation, including the economic empowerment of the poor, enhanced by poverty-focused public expenditures. Inevitably, the provision of core public services is an area which should address the people's will in local governance policies, focusing on education and health, while providing appropriate infrastructure, and developing safety nets.
  • Publication
    World Development Report 2004
    (World Bank, 2003) World Bank
    Too often, services fail poor people in access, in quality, and in affordability. But the fact that there are striking examples where basic services such as water, sanitation, health, education, and electricity do work for poor people means that governments and citizens can do a better job of providing them. Learning from success and understanding the sources of failure, this year’s World Development Report, argues that services can be improved by putting poor people at the center of service provision. How? By enabling the poor to monitor and discipline service providers, by amplifying their voice in policymaking, and by strengthening the incentives for providers to serve the poor. Freedom from illness and freedom from illiteracy are two of the most important ways poor people can escape from poverty. To achieve these goals, economic growth and financial resources are of course necessary, but they are not enough. The World Development Report provides a practical framework for making the services that contribute to human development work for poor people. With this framework, citizens, governments, and donors can take action and accelerate progress toward the common objective of poverty reduction, as specified in the Millennium Development Goals.