Publication:
Public Transport Subsidies and Affordability in Mumbai, India

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dc.contributor.authorCropper, Maureen
dc.contributor.authorBhattacharya, Soma
dc.date.accessioned2012-06-08T15:22:45Z
dc.date.available2012-06-08T15:22:45Z
dc.date.issued2007-11
dc.description.abstractThis paper describes the role of public transport and the nature and incidence of transport subsidies in Mumbai, India. Mumbai has an extensive rail and bus network, and public transport is used for over 75 percent of all motorized trips in Greater Mumbai. Both rail and bus fares in Mumbai are subsidized: BEST, which operates public buses in Mumbai, is also an electric utility, and subsidizes bus fares from electricity revenues. We analyze the incidence of these subsidies, and their effect on mode choice, using data from a survey of households in Greater Mumbai. In Mumbai, as in many cities, the middle class is more likely to use public transport for travel than the poor. The poor, however, also use public transit, and their expenditure on public transit constitutes, on average, a larger share of their income than it does for the middle class. It is, therefore, the case that the poor benefit from transit subsidies in Mumbai, as well as the middle and upper-middle classes; however, the poorest 27 percent of the population receives only 19 percent of bus subsidies and 15.5 percent of rail subsidies. Indeed, 26 percent of the lowest income households surveyed do not use rail, while 10 percent do not use bus, implying that they receive no transit subsidies. Expenditure on transport accounts for 16 percent of income in the lowest income category (<5000 Rs./month), with 10 percent of income, on average, spent on bus and rail fares. This percentage, however, is not evenly distributed: it is much higher than 10 percent for households in which workers take the bus or train to work, and lower for households in which the main earner walks to work. Even in these households, however, 12.5 percent of income is spent on transportation. Expenditure on public transport would be even higher if bus fares in Mumbai were not subsidized. In 2005-2006, transport revenues of BEST fell below total costs by 30 percent and below operating costs by 20 percent. Rail fares, which are much lower than bus fares per km traveled, officially covered operating costs and almost covered depreciation expenses.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/11/8683737/public-transport-subsidies-affordability-mumbai-india
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4395
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/7522
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4395
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCIDENTS
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectARTERIAL ROADS
dc.subjectAVERAGE SPEED
dc.subjectAVERAGE SPEED OF BUSES
dc.subjectBALANCE SHEET
dc.subjectBANK LOAN
dc.subjectBENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectBORROWING
dc.subjectBUS
dc.subjectBUS FARE
dc.subjectBUS FARES
dc.subjectBUS LANES
dc.subjectBUS NETWORK
dc.subjectBUS RIDERS
dc.subjectBUS SERVICE
dc.subjectBUS SERVICES
dc.subjectBUS SUBSIDY
dc.subjectBUS SYSTEM
dc.subjectBUS USE
dc.subjectBUS USERS
dc.subjectBUSES
dc.subjectCALCULATION
dc.subjectCALCULATIONS
dc.subjectCAPITAL INVESTMENT
dc.subjectCAR
dc.subjectCAR USAGE
dc.subjectCARRIAGES
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCOMMUTE TRIP
dc.subjectCOMMUTER RAIL
dc.subjectCOMMUTER RAIL SERVICES
dc.subjectCOMMUTERS
dc.subjectCOMMUTING
dc.subjectCOST OF TRAVEL
dc.subjectDEPRECIATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT BANK
dc.subjectEARNINGS
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectENGINES
dc.subjectFARE BUS
dc.subjectFARE INCREASE
dc.subjectFARE INCREASES
dc.subjectFARE STRUCTURE
dc.subjectFARES INCREASES
dc.subjectFAST TRAINS
dc.subjectFLOOR SPACE
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectHEADWAY
dc.subjectHOURS OF OPERATION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD BUDGETS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON TRANSPORT
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD TRIPS IN TERMS OF DISTANCE
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME GROUP
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectINCOME RANGE
dc.subjectINCOMES
dc.subjectJOURNEY
dc.subjectJOURNEY TO WORK
dc.subjectLONG DISTANCES
dc.subjectMASS TRANSIT
dc.subjectMODAL SHARE
dc.subjectMODAL SHARES
dc.subjectMONTHLY INCOME
dc.subjectMOTOR CYCLE
dc.subjectMOTOR VEHICLE
dc.subjectMOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLE
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLES
dc.subjectMOTORIZED TRANSPORT
dc.subjectPASSENGER
dc.subjectPASSENGER KILOMETERS
dc.subjectPASSENGER REVENUES
dc.subjectPASSENGER VOLUME
dc.subjectPASSENGER VOLUMES
dc.subjectPASSENGERS
dc.subjectPASSENGERS DAILY
dc.subjectPASSENGERS PER DAY
dc.subjectPEAK HOURS
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITIES
dc.subjectPRIVATE VEHICLES
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSIT
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT AFFORDABILITY
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
dc.subjectQUESTIONNAIRE
dc.subjectRAIL
dc.subjectRAIL BUS
dc.subjectRAIL EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectRAIL FARES
dc.subjectRAIL LINES
dc.subjectRAIL NETWORKS
dc.subjectRAIL OPERATIONS
dc.subjectRAIL RAIL
dc.subjectRAIL RIDERS
dc.subjectRAIL SERVICE
dc.subjectRAIL SERVICES
dc.subjectRAIL STATIONS
dc.subjectRAIL SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectRAIL SYSTEM
dc.subjectRAIL TRAVEL
dc.subjectRAILWAY
dc.subjectRAILWAY LINE
dc.subjectRAILWAY SECTOR
dc.subjectRAILWAY STATIONS
dc.subjectRAILWAY SYSTEM
dc.subjectRAILWAYS
dc.subjectRAPID GROWTH
dc.subjectREGIONAL PLANNING
dc.subjectRIDERSHIP
dc.subjectROLLING STOCK
dc.subjectROUTE
dc.subjectROUTES
dc.subjectSCHOOL BUS
dc.subjectSCHOOL TRIPS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSTANDING PASSENGERS
dc.subjectSUBURBAN RAIL
dc.subjectSUBURBAN RAIL NETWORK
dc.subjectSUBURBAN RAILWAYS
dc.subjectSUBURBAN TRAINS
dc.subjectSUBURBS
dc.subjectTAXIS
dc.subjectTOTAL COST
dc.subjectTOTAL COSTS
dc.subjectTOTAL TRIPS
dc.subjectTRAINS
dc.subjectTRANSIT SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectTRANSIT SUBSIDY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT AFFORDABILITY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT MODE
dc.subjectTRANSPORT NETWORK
dc.subjectTRANSPORT OPERATIONS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SECTOR
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
dc.subjectTRAVEL BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectTRAVEL MODE
dc.subjectTRAVEL PATTERNS
dc.subjectTRIP PURPOSE
dc.subjectTRIPS
dc.subjectTRIPS BY MODE
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectWAGE
dc.subjectWALKING
dc.subjectWORK TRIPS
dc.titlePublic Transport Subsidies and Affordability in Mumbai, Indiaen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titlePublic Transport Subsidies And Affordability In Mumbai, India
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:23:47.366721Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/11/8683737/public-transport-subsidies-affordability-mumbai-india
okr.globalpracticeSocial, Urban, Rural and Resilience
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.guid152531468268835999
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4395
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20071112153243
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum8683737
okr.identifier.reportWPS4395
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/11/12/000158349_20071112153243/Rendered/PDF/wps4395.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeSouth Asia
okr.region.countryIndia
okr.topicUrban Development::Transport in Urban Areas
okr.topicUrban Transport
okr.topicRoads and Highways
okr.topicTransport Economics Policy and Planning
okr.topicTransport
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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