Publication:
Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade: Evidence from Agriculture

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dc.contributor.authorGawande, Kishore
dc.contributor.authorHoekman, Bernard
dc.date.accessioned2017-09-07T18:17:55Z
dc.date.available2017-09-07T18:17:55Z
dc.date.issued2009-05
dc.description.abstractThis paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. The authors use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. The authors find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on results the authors offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical research on why governments choose to tax or subsidize agricultural products an important policy question that is also one of the least understood by scholars.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/Why-governments-tax-or-subsidize-trade-evidence-from-agriculture
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/28182
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/28182
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesAgricultural Distortions Working Paper;85
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL EXPORTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL MARKETS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRICES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAPPLES
dc.subjectBARLEY
dc.subjectBEEF
dc.subjectCAPITAL INTENSITY
dc.subjectCAPITAL STOCKS
dc.subjectCAPITAL USE
dc.subjectCASH CROPS
dc.subjectCOCOA
dc.subjectCOCONUT
dc.subjectCOFFEE
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectCOMMODITY
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCOTTON
dc.subjectCROP
dc.subjectDEFORESTATION
dc.subjectDEMOCRACIES
dc.subjectDEMOCRACY
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICES
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC MODELS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORMS
dc.subjectECONOMICS LITERATURE
dc.subjectEGG
dc.subjectEGGS
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFARM
dc.subjectFARM INCOMES
dc.subjectFARMER
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFARMING
dc.subjectFOOD CROPS
dc.subjectFOOD IMPORTS
dc.subjectFOOD POLICY
dc.subjectFOOD POLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFOOD PRODUCTS
dc.subjectFOOD STAPLES
dc.subjectFRUIT
dc.subjectFUTURE STUDIES
dc.subjectGARLIC
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectGRAINS
dc.subjectGROUNDNUT
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectIMPORT QUOTAS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINEFFICIENCY
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectJUTE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLAND DEGRADATION
dc.subjectLAND PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMAIZE
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectMEAT
dc.subjectMEDIAN VOTERS
dc.subjectMILK
dc.subjectMULCH
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectOILSEEDS
dc.subjectORANGE
dc.subjectOUTPUT RATIO
dc.subjectOUTPUT RATIOS
dc.subjectOUTPUTS
dc.subjectPALM OIL
dc.subjectPEAS
dc.subjectPIG MEAT
dc.subjectPLANTING
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPORK
dc.subjectPOTATO
dc.subjectPOULTRY
dc.subjectPRICE DISTORTIONS
dc.subjectPRICE FLUCTUATIONS
dc.subjectPROCESSED FOODS
dc.subjectPRODUCE
dc.subjectPRODUCERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY OF LAND
dc.subjectPROTECTIONISM
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectRAPESEED
dc.subjectREFORM PROGRAMS
dc.subjectRICE
dc.subjectRICH ONES
dc.subjectRUBBER
dc.subjectRURAL WORKERS
dc.subjectRYE
dc.subjectSESAME
dc.subjectSHEEP MEAT
dc.subjectSOIL FERTILITY
dc.subjectSOYBEAN
dc.subjectSTAPLE FOODS
dc.subjectSUBSIDIZATION
dc.subjectSUGAR
dc.subjectSUGAR SORGHUM
dc.subjectSUNFLOWER
dc.subjectSUNK COSTS
dc.subjectTARIFF BARRIERS
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTAX SYSTEMS
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTEA
dc.subjectTOBACCO
dc.subjectTRADE NEGOTIATIONS
dc.subjectTRADE POLICIES
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE TAXES
dc.subjectTYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectURUGUAY ROUND
dc.subjectVALUE OF OUTPUT
dc.subjectVARIABLE COSTS
dc.subjectVEGETABLES
dc.subjectVEGETATION
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWHEAT
dc.subjectWINE
dc.subjectWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
dc.subjectWORLD MARKETS
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectWTO
dc.titleWhy Governments Tax or Subsidize Tradeen
dc.title.subtitleEvidence from Agricultureen
dc.typeWorking Paperen
dc.typeDocument de travailfr
dc.typeDocumento de trabajoes
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleWhy Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade
okr.date.disclosure2010-08-05
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-05T11:36:26.728232Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/Why-governments-tax-or-subsidize-trade-evidence-from-agriculture
okr.guid393041468152708786
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000333038_20100805024839
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum12619425
okr.identifier.report55958
okr.importedtrue
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393041468152708786/pdf/559580NWP0P0931awande1Hoekman185rev.pdfen
okr.sectorAgriculture, fishing, and forestry
okr.topicAgriculture::Agricultural Sector Economics
okr.topicAgriculture::Agricultural Trade
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Trade Policy
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Trade and Agriculture
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Political Economy
okr.unitDECRG: Trade & Intl. Integration (DECTI)
relation.isAuthorOfPublication49a06ad1-63d4-5c3a-8b66-c6c3009e9cdf
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery49a06ad1-63d4-5c3a-8b66-c6c3009e9cdf
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