Publication:
Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study

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dc.contributor.authorHammitt, James
dc.contributor.authorRobinson, Lisa
dc.date.accessioned2014-05-13T20:57:52Z
dc.date.available2014-05-13T20:57:52Z
dc.date.issued2009-07
dc.description.abstractOver the past two decades, the growing awareness of the role that emissions play in human health and environmental degradation had led to a general movement in many parts of the world to control emissions to reduce the impacts. This movement has mainly taken two forms: 1) the development and subsequent required use of control devices for stationary sources and vehicle sources and, 2) changes in the specifications of transportation fuels to reduce emissions of the major pollutants. These trends originated in the industrialized countries and are now spreading, at different rates, throughout the world. As in other world regions, the first improvement in the specifications of transportation fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa was the elimination of lead. The phase out of lead is now complete and the World Bank and its partners are looking at the next step the reduction of sulfur in transportation fuels. The growing complexity of the vehicle emission control technologies for both personal vehicles and commercial trucks and the concomitant need for clean fuels.In addition to the growing awareness of the human health and environmental impact of vehicle source emissions, have placed increasing requirements on refineries. Sulfur is not an additive but a natural part of crude oil. Its removal processes presents both technological and economic challenges to refiners. However, by coming later than Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regions to ultra-low sulfur fuels, SSA refineries are in a position to benefit from the operating experience and process improvements obtained elsewhere in the refining industry.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2009/07/13971977/sub-saharan-africa-refinery-study
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/18289
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/18289
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesExtractive industries and development series;no. 12
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR EMISSION
dc.subjectAIR EMISSIONS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTANT
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY MODELING
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY RESULTING
dc.subjectALKYLATION
dc.subjectALKYLATION UNITS
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR QUALITY
dc.subjectAPPROACH
dc.subjectAROMATICS
dc.subjectASTHMA ATTACKS
dc.subjectAVAILABILITY
dc.subjectBENZENE
dc.subjectBENZENE CONTENT
dc.subjectBENZENE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectBENZENE EXPOSURE
dc.subjectBUSES
dc.subjectCARBON
dc.subjectCARBON MONOXIDE
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCATALYTIC CONVERTERS
dc.subjectCATALYTIC REDUCTION
dc.subjectCETANE INDEX
dc.subjectCHEMICALS
dc.subjectCHRONIC BRONCHITIS
dc.subjectCLEAN AIR
dc.subjectCLEAN AIR INITIATIVE
dc.subjectCLEAN FUEL
dc.subjectCLEAN FUELS
dc.subjectCLEAN TRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectCLEANER FUELS
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCO
dc.subjectCO2
dc.subjectCOMMERCIAL ENERGY
dc.subjectCOMMERCIAL TRUCKS
dc.subjectCRUDE DISTILLATION
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectDESULFURIZATION
dc.subjectDESULFURIZATION CAPACITY
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL VEHICLES
dc.subjectDISTILLATION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC EMISSIONS
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectDUST
dc.subjectELASTICITIES
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectEMISSION
dc.subjectEMISSION CONTROL
dc.subjectEMISSION DATA
dc.subjectEMISSION FACTORS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS DATA
dc.subjectEMISSIONS FACTORS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS INVENTORIES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS RESULTS
dc.subjectENERGY DEMAND
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectENERGY USE
dc.subjectENGINES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
dc.subjectFEEDSTOCKS
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL IMPROVEMENTS
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectFUEL QUALITY
dc.subjectFUEL SPECIFICATIONS
dc.subjectFUEL STANDARDS
dc.subjectFUEL SULFUR
dc.subjectFUEL SUPPLY
dc.subjectFUEL USE
dc.subjectFUELS
dc.subjectGAS
dc.subjectGAS FLARING
dc.subjectGAS FLARING REDUCTION
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGASOLINE DESULFURIZATION
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectHEALTH EFFECTS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD ENERGY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectHYDROCRACKING
dc.subjectHYDROGEN
dc.subjectHYDROGEN PLANT
dc.subjectIMPORTS OF ETHANOL
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
dc.subjectINFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY
dc.subjectINJURIES
dc.subjectINJURY
dc.subjectINSPECTION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectISOMERIZATION
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY
dc.subjectLNG
dc.subjectLUBRICITY
dc.subjectMEDICAL TREATMENT
dc.subjectMETEOROLOGY
dc.subjectMINERAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectMOTOR VEHICLES
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLE TRAVEL
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLE USE
dc.subjectMOTORCYCLES
dc.subjectMTBE
dc.subjectNITRATE
dc.subjectNITROGEN
dc.subjectNITROGEN DIOXIDE
dc.subjectNITROGEN OXIDES
dc.subjectNO2
dc.subjectNOX
dc.subjectO3
dc.subjectOIL COMPANIES
dc.subjectOIL PRICE
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCERS
dc.subjectOILS
dc.subjectOXIDATION CATALYST
dc.subjectOZONE
dc.subjectPARTICULATE
dc.subjectPARTICULATE MATTER
dc.subjectPARTICULATES
dc.subjectPERSONAL VEHICLES
dc.subjectPETROLEUM
dc.subjectPETROLEUM DEMAND
dc.subjectPETROLEUM INDUSTRY
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCT SUPPLY
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectPM10
dc.subjectPOLLUTANT EMISSION
dc.subjectPOLLUTANT EMISSIONS
dc.subjectPOLLUTANT REDUCTIONS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION ABATEMENT
dc.subjectPOLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectPOLLUTION LEVELS
dc.subjectPOPULATION DENSITY
dc.subjectPOWER
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectQUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
dc.subjectREDUCTION IN EMISSIONS
dc.subjectREFINERY
dc.subjectREFINERY CAPACITY
dc.subjectREFINERY CLOSURES
dc.subjectREFINERY FUEL
dc.subjectREFINERY OPERATIONS
dc.subjectRESIDUAL FUEL
dc.subjectRESIDUAL FUEL OIL
dc.subjectROAD
dc.subjectROADS
dc.subjectSO2
dc.subjectSULFATE
dc.subjectSULFUR
dc.subjectSULFUR CONTENT
dc.subjectSULFUR DIOXIDE
dc.subjectSUPPLY COSTS
dc.subjectTOTAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectTRAFFIC
dc.subjectTRAFFIC CONGESTION
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT AUTHORITY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT FUELS
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION FUELS
dc.subjectTYPES OF VEHICLES
dc.subjectUNEP
dc.subjectURBAN AIR QUALITY
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subjectVAPOR PRESSURE
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSION
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectVEHICLE FLEET
dc.subjectVEHICLE FLEETS
dc.subjectVEHICLE KILOMETERS
dc.subjectVEHICLE TYPES
dc.subjectVEHICLE USE
dc.subjectVEHICLES
dc.subjectVOC
dc.subjectVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.subjectWIND
dc.subjectWIND SPEED
dc.titleSub-Saharan Africa Refinery Studyen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaClimate Change
okr.date.disclosure2011-03-28
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-05T12:33:56.072164Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2009/07/13971977/sub-saharan-africa-refinery-study
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeEnvironment and Natural Resources
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid754901468203695110
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000386194_20110328021834
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum13971977
okr.identifier.report60514
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/03/28/000386194_20110328021834/Rendered/PDF/605140NWP0ssa11BOX358322B001PUBLIC1.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeAfrica
okr.topicHealth Monitoring and Evaluation
okr.topicEnvironment::Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases
okr.topicTransport Economics Policy and Planning
okr.topicTransport and Environment
okr.topicEnergy::Energy Production and Transportation
okr.topicTransport
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population
okr.volume1 of 1
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