Publication:
Finance and Economic Opportunity

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dc.contributor.authorLevine, Ross
dc.contributor.authorDemirgüç-Kunt, Asli
dc.date.accessioned2012-05-25T17:54:41Z
dc.date.available2012-05-25T17:54:41Z
dc.date.issued2008-01
dc.description.abstractAn influential body of theoretical research and an emerging line of empirical work suggest that the operation of the formal financial system affects the degree to which economic opportunities are defined by talent and initiative rather than by parental wealth and social connections. This paper discusses the theory of how financial markets influence economic opportunity and reviews recent empirical work on the relation between formal financial systems and poverty, income inequality, and economic opportunity. The authors consider recent efforts to measure the ability of households and small enterprises to access financial services, the impact of this access, and the mechanisms through which finance affects poverty and inequality. The authors argue that considerably more research is needed to identify which formal financial sector policies enhance the operation of the financial system in ways that expand the economic horizons of the economically disenfranchised.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/01/8922449/finance-economic-opportunity
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4468
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/6438
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4468
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS BARRIERS
dc.subjectACCESS TO CAPITAL
dc.subjectACCESS TO CREDIT
dc.subjectACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE
dc.subjectACCESS TO FINANCE
dc.subjectACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectACCURATE ESTIMATE
dc.subjectAFFORDABILITY
dc.subjectASSET RATIO
dc.subjectATMS
dc.subjectAUTOMATIC TELLER
dc.subjectAVERAGE GROWTH
dc.subjectBAD BANKS
dc.subjectBANK ACCESS
dc.subjectBANK ACCOUNT
dc.subjectBANK ACCOUNTS
dc.subjectBANK BRANCH
dc.subjectBANK BRANCHES
dc.subjectBANK COMPETITION
dc.subjectBANK REGULATION
dc.subjectBANK SERVICES
dc.subjectBANKING SERVICES
dc.subjectBANKS
dc.subjectBARRIER
dc.subjectBARRIER TO FINANCING
dc.subjectBEQUEST
dc.subjectBEQUESTS
dc.subjectBLACK WORKER
dc.subjectBOND
dc.subjectBONDS
dc.subjectBROAD ACCESS
dc.subjectBUSINESS CYCLE
dc.subjectBUSINESS CYCLES
dc.subjectCAPITAL ACCUMULATION
dc.subjectCAPITAL INVESTMENT
dc.subjectCAPITAL MARKET
dc.subjectCAPITAL MARKETS
dc.subjectCHECKS
dc.subjectCOLLATERAL
dc.subjectCOMMERCIAL BANKS
dc.subjectCOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectCONSOLIDATION
dc.subjectCONTRIBUTION
dc.subjectCORPORATE GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectCORRUPTION
dc.subjectCREDIT ALLOCATION
dc.subjectCREDIT CONSTRAINTS
dc.subjectCREDIT INFORMATION
dc.subjectCREDIT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectCREDIT REGISTRIES
dc.subjectCREDIT UNIONS
dc.subjectCREDITOR
dc.subjectCREDITOR RIGHTS
dc.subjectDEPOSIT
dc.subjectDEPOSIT ACCOUNT
dc.subjectDEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
dc.subjectDEPOSIT SERVICES
dc.subjectDEREGULATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING ECONOMIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT BANKS
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
dc.subjectDIVERSIFICATION
dc.subjectDOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
dc.subjectDOUBLE BOTTOM LINE
dc.subjectDUMMY VARIABLE
dc.subjectDUMMY VARIABLES
dc.subjectEARNINGS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectEMPLOYERS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectENTREPRENEUR
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURS
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURSHIP
dc.subjectEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectEXCLUSION
dc.subjectEXTERNAL FINANCE
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL ASSETS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL DEPTH
dc.subjectFINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectFINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INSTITUTION
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL MARKET
dc.subjectFINANCIAL MARKETS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectFINANCIAL POLICY
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR POLICIES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR POLICY
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SYSTEMS
dc.subjectFINANCING OBSTACLES
dc.subjectFIRM GROWTH
dc.subjectFIXED COST
dc.subjectFOREIGN BANK
dc.subjectFOREIGN OWNERSHIP
dc.subjectFOREIGN OWNERSHIP OF BANKS
dc.subjectFORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR
dc.subjectFORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectGENERAL POPULATION
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT BANK
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP OF BANKS
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectGROWTH OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectGROWTH RATE
dc.subjectGROWTH RATES
dc.subjectHOLDING
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME GROWTH
dc.subjectINCOME INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINCOMES
dc.subjectINDICATORS OF ACCESS
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectINFLATION
dc.subjectINFORMATION DISCLOSURE
dc.subjectINFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURES
dc.subjectINTEREST INCOME
dc.subjectINTEREST RATE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectINVESTING
dc.subjectINVESTMENT PROJECTS
dc.subjectINVESTMENT RETURNS
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectLARGE BANKS
dc.subjectLAWS
dc.subjectLEGAL CONSTRAINTS
dc.subjectLEGAL ENFORCEMENT
dc.subjectLENDERS
dc.subjectLIQUIDITY
dc.subjectLIQUIDITY RISK
dc.subjectLOAN
dc.subjectLOAN AMOUNT
dc.subjectLOAN APPLICATIONS
dc.subjectLOAN BALANCES
dc.subjectLOCAL BANK
dc.subjectLOCAL BANKS
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME
dc.subjectMACROECONOMICS
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARKET PARTICIPANTS
dc.subjectMEDIUM ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectMICRO DATA
dc.subjectMICRO ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectMICRO-CREDIT
dc.subjectMICROCREDIT
dc.subjectMICROENTERPRISES
dc.subjectMICROFINANCE
dc.subjectMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectMIDDLE EAST
dc.subjectMONEY MARKET
dc.subjectMONEY MARKET MUTUAL FUNDS
dc.subjectMONOPOLIES
dc.subjectMONOPOLY
dc.subjectMUTUAL FUNDS
dc.subjectNORTH AFRICA
dc.subjectOUTREACH
dc.subjectPHYSICAL ACCESS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOSTAL SAVINGS
dc.subjectPOVERTY ALLEVIATION
dc.subjectPRIVATE CREDIT
dc.subjectPROFIT MARGINS
dc.subjectPROVISION OF CREDIT
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectRATE OF RETURN
dc.subjectREGULATORS
dc.subjectRENTS
dc.subjectRETURN ON ASSETS
dc.subjectRETURN ON SAVINGS
dc.subjectRISK DIVERSIFICATION
dc.subjectRISK MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSAVINGS BANKS
dc.subjectSAVINGS BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectSCHOOL FINANCE
dc.subjectSECURITIES
dc.subjectSECURITIES MARKETS
dc.subjectSELF-EXCLUSION
dc.subjectSENIOR
dc.subjectSMALL ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectSMALLER ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectSMALLER FIRMS
dc.subjectSUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
dc.subjectSUPERVISORY POWER
dc.subjectTRANSACTION
dc.subjectTRANSACTION COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSACTIONS COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSFER PAYMENTS
dc.subjectWAGE
dc.subjectWAGE RATES
dc.subjectWORK FORCE
dc.subjectWORTH
dc.titleFinance and Economic Opportunityen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleFinance And Economic Opportunity
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T10:29:07.357339Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/01/8922449/finance-economic-opportunity
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.guid789171468349832745
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4468
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20080107113310
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum8922449
okr.identifier.reportWPS4468
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/01/07/000158349_20080107113310/Rendered/PDF/wps4468.pdfen
okr.topicFinance and Financial Sector Development::Access to Finance
okr.topicBanks and Banking Reform
okr.topicPrivate Sector Development::Emerging Markets
okr.topicFinance and Financial Sector Development::Debt Markets
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublication234a20c0-893c-561a-8c90-6f5be5be5b9b
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery234a20c0-893c-561a-8c90-6f5be5be5b9b
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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