Publication:
Petroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies : Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009

dc.contributor.author Kojima, Masami
dc.date.accessioned 2013-04-18T16:33:47Z
dc.date.available 2013-04-18T16:33:47Z
dc.date.issued 2013-04
dc.description.abstract Unable to cope fully with steadily climbing world oil prices since mid-2009, many of the 65 countries reviewed in this paper have progressed slowly or even reversed course in reforming pricing of petroleum products. End-user prices in July 2012 varied by two orders of magnitude across the countries. More than two-fifths, including some that had only recently adopted automatic pricing mechanisms, froze the prices of gasoline, diesel, or both for months or even years on end during the study period. When the prices were finally adjusted, the increases were sometimes substantial, leading to large-scale protests, partial or full reversals of price adjustments, or softening of pricing reform policy. Governments' attempts to keep domestic prices artificially low -- through price control, export or quantity restrictions, or political pressure put on oil companies -- have helped curb inflation in the short term, but frequently with serious negative consequences: flourishing black markets, smuggling, fuel adulteration, illegal diversion of subsidy funds, large financial losses suffered by fuel suppliers, deteriorating refining and other infrastructure, and acute fuel shortages causing economy-wide damage. In several countries, subsidies, price controls, and other restrictions have helped protect inefficient refineries and oil marketers. Mitigation responses have included fuel conservation programs; fuel diversification, particularly liquid biofuels to substitute gasoline and diesel; and efforts to lower costs of supply, including strengthening infrastructure, promoting price competition, hedging, negotiating price discounts with exporters, and bulk procurement. Various forms of assistance to consumers have also been offered, especially to households, agriculture, transport, and fisheries. en
dc.identifier http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17513782/petroleum-product-pricing-complementary-policies-experience-65-developing-countries-2009
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13201
dc.language English
dc.language.iso en_US
dc.publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseries Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6396
dc.rights CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holder World Bank
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subject AIR
dc.subject AIR CONDITIONING
dc.subject AIR POLLUTION
dc.subject ALTERNATIVE FUELS
dc.subject ANHYDROUS ETHANOL
dc.subject APPROACH
dc.subject AUTOMOTIVE FUEL
dc.subject AVAILABILITY
dc.subject AVERAGE PRICE
dc.subject AVIATION FUEL
dc.subject BACKUP POWER
dc.subject BALANCE
dc.subject BARREL
dc.subject BARRELS PER DAY
dc.subject BIOMASS
dc.subject BLACK MARKET
dc.subject BLACK MARKETS
dc.subject BORDER PRICES
dc.subject BUSES
dc.subject CAR
dc.subject CAR TRIPS
dc.subject CARS
dc.subject COAL
dc.subject COMMERCIAL RESERVES
dc.subject COMMODITY PRICE
dc.subject COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS
dc.subject CONGESTION
dc.subject CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM
dc.subject CONSUMPTION OF POWER
dc.subject COST OF ETHANOL
dc.subject COSTS OF ELECTRICITY
dc.subject CRUDE OIL
dc.subject CRUDE OIL PRICE
dc.subject DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subject DIESEL
dc.subject DIESEL FUEL
dc.subject DOMESTIC CRUDE OIL
dc.subject DOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subject DOMESTIC MARKETS
dc.subject DOMESTIC REFINING
dc.subject DRIVERS
dc.subject DRIVING
dc.subject ECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subject EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subject EFFICIENT LIGHTING
dc.subject EFFICIENT TRAVEL
dc.subject ELECTRICITY
dc.subject ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
dc.subject ELECTRICITY GENERATION
dc.subject EMERGING MARKETS
dc.subject ENERGY CONSERVATION
dc.subject ENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subject ENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subject ENERGY PRICES
dc.subject ETHANOL
dc.subject ETHANOL DEMAND
dc.subject ETHANOL IN GASOLINE
dc.subject ETHANOL PRODUCTION
dc.subject ETHANOL PROGRAM
dc.subject EXPENDITURE
dc.subject EXPENDITURES
dc.subject FEEDSTOCK
dc.subject FEEDSTOCK COSTS
dc.subject FEEDSTOCK PRICES
dc.subject FEEDSTOCKS
dc.subject FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
dc.subject FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
dc.subject FOSSIL
dc.subject FOSSIL FUEL
dc.subject FREIGHT
dc.subject FUEL
dc.subject FUEL ADULTERATION
dc.subject FUEL CONSERVATION
dc.subject FUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subject FUEL COSTS
dc.subject FUEL ECONOMY
dc.subject FUEL EFFICIENCY
dc.subject FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subject FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS
dc.subject FUEL MARKET
dc.subject FUEL OIL
dc.subject FUEL PRICE
dc.subject FUEL PRICE INCREASES
dc.subject FUEL PRICES
dc.subject FUEL PRICING
dc.subject FUEL QUALITY
dc.subject FUEL SHORTAGES
dc.subject FUEL SPECIFICATIONS
dc.subject FUEL STORAGE
dc.subject FUEL STORAGE CAPACITY
dc.subject FUEL SUBSIDIES
dc.subject FUEL SUPPLY
dc.subject FUEL SWITCHING
dc.subject FUEL TANKS
dc.subject FUEL TAX
dc.subject FUEL USE
dc.subject FUELS
dc.subject GAS
dc.subject GAS COMPANIES
dc.subject GASOLINE
dc.subject GASOLINE PRICE
dc.subject HOUSEHOLD FUEL
dc.subject HYDROPOWER
dc.subject HYDROPOWER GENERATION
dc.subject INFLATION
dc.subject INTERNATIONAL CRUDE OIL
dc.subject KEROSENE
dc.subject KEROSENE CONSUMPTION
dc.subject KEROSENE SUBSIDIES
dc.subject LAND USE
dc.subject LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
dc.subject LIQUID FUELS
dc.subject MARGINAL COST
dc.subject MARKET ENTRY
dc.subject MARKET PRICE
dc.subject MARKET PRICES
dc.subject MARKETING
dc.subject MONOPOLY
dc.subject MOTORISTS
dc.subject NATIONAL OIL
dc.subject NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES
dc.subject NATURAL GAS
dc.subject NATURAL GAS MARKET
dc.subject NATURAL GAS PRICES
dc.subject NET OIL
dc.subject OIL
dc.subject OIL COMPANIES
dc.subject OIL COMPANY
dc.subject OIL CONSUMPTION
dc.subject OIL EXPORTERS
dc.subject OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES
dc.subject OIL IMPORTS
dc.subject OIL INDUSTRY
dc.subject OIL PIPELINE
dc.subject OIL PRICE
dc.subject OIL PRICE CHANGES
dc.subject OIL PRICES
dc.subject OIL PRICING
dc.subject OIL PRICING POLICY
dc.subject OIL PRODUCTION
dc.subject OIL USE
dc.subject OILS
dc.subject PASSENGER TRANSPORT
dc.subject PEAK POWER
dc.subject PETROLEUM
dc.subject PETROLEUM DIESEL
dc.subject PETROLEUM GAS
dc.subject PETROLEUM PRICE
dc.subject PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES
dc.subject PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICING
dc.subject PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subject PETROLEUM SECTOR
dc.subject POWER
dc.subject POWER CONSUMPTION
dc.subject POWER GENERATION
dc.subject POWER SECTOR
dc.subject POWER SHORTAGES
dc.subject PRICE ADJUSTMENT
dc.subject PRICE ADJUSTMENTS
dc.subject PRICE CEILINGS
dc.subject PRICE CHANGE
dc.subject PRICE CHANGES
dc.subject PRICE COMPETITION
dc.subject PRICE CONTROL
dc.subject PRICE CONTROLS
dc.subject PRICE FREEZE
dc.subject PRICE INCREASE
dc.subject PRICE INCREASES
dc.subject PRICE INDEX
dc.subject PRICE LEVELS
dc.subject PRICE OF DIESEL
dc.subject PRICE OF GASOLINE
dc.subject PRICE OF OIL
dc.subject PRICE RISK
dc.subject PRICE STABILIZATION
dc.subject PRICE SUBSIDIES
dc.subject PRICE VOLATILITY
dc.subject PRICING MECHANISM
dc.subject PRICING MECHANISMS
dc.subject PRICING POLICIES
dc.subject PRICING REFORM
dc.subject PRODUCT PRICING
dc.subject PROFIT MARGIN
dc.subject PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT
dc.subject PUBLIC PERCEPTION
dc.subject PUBLIC SAFETY
dc.subject PUBLIC TRANSPORT
dc.subject RAIL
dc.subject REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subject REDUCTION IN FUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subject REFINERIES
dc.subject REFINERY CLOSURES
dc.subject REGULAR GASOLINE
dc.subject RENEWABLE ENERGY
dc.subject RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
dc.subject RETAIL
dc.subject RETAIL PRICE
dc.subject RETAIL PRICES
dc.subject ROAD
dc.subject ROAD TRANSPORT
dc.subject SAFETY
dc.subject SALE
dc.subject SALES
dc.subject SOLAR WATER HEATERS
dc.subject SOYBEAN OIL
dc.subject SPOT PRICES
dc.subject SPREAD
dc.subject STABLE PRICES
dc.subject STREET LIGHTING
dc.subject STREETS
dc.subject SUBSTITUTE
dc.subject SUGAR CANE
dc.subject SUGARCANE
dc.subject SUGARCANE CULTIVATION
dc.subject SUPPLIERS
dc.subject SUPPLY CHAIN
dc.subject SUPPLY COSTS
dc.subject SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
dc.subject TAX
dc.subject TAX REVENUES
dc.subject TIRES
dc.subject TRANSIT
dc.subject TRANSPORT
dc.subject TRANSPORT SYSTEM
dc.subject TRANSPORT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
dc.subject TRANSPORTATION
dc.subject TRANSPORTATION COSTS
dc.subject TRANSPORTATION FUELS
dc.subject TRAVEL MODES
dc.subject TRUCKS
dc.subject TRUE
dc.subject URBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subject UTILITIES
dc.subject UTILITY COMPANY
dc.subject VEHICLE
dc.subject VEHICLE DRIVERS
dc.subject VEHICLE FUEL
dc.subject VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY
dc.subject VEHICLE POPULATION
dc.subject VEHICLES
dc.subject WHOLESALE PRICE
dc.subject WHOLESALE PRICES
dc.subject WIND
dc.subject WORLD MARKET
dc.subject WORLD OIL PRICES
dc.title Petroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies : Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009 en
dspace.entity.type Publication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionarea Jobs
okr.date.disclosure 2013-04-01
okr.doctype Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctype Publications & Research
okr.docurl http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17513782/petroleum-product-pricing-complementary-policies-experience-65-developing-countries-2009
okr.globalpractice Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpractice Transport and ICT
okr.globalpractice Finance and Markets
okr.globalpractice Trade and Competitiveness
okr.globalpractice Energy and Extractives
okr.identifier.doi 10.1596/1813-9450-6396
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum 000158349_20130401160010
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum 17513782
okr.identifier.report WPS6396
okr.language.supported en
okr.pdfurl http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/04/01/000158349_20130401160010/Rendered/PDF/wps6396.pdf en
okr.topic International Economics and Trade :: Access to Markets
okr.topic Macroeconomics and Economic Growth :: Markets and Market Access
okr.topic Transport Economics Policy and Planning
okr.topic Oil Refining and Gas Industry
okr.topic Energy :: Energy Production and Transportation
okr.topic Industry
okr.topic Transport
okr.unit Development Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume 1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication 26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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