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Petroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies : Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009

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dc.contributor.authorKojima, Masami
dc.date.accessioned2013-04-18T16:33:47Z
dc.date.available2013-04-18T16:33:47Z
dc.date.issued2013-04
dc.description.abstractUnable to cope fully with steadily climbing world oil prices since mid-2009, many of the 65 countries reviewed in this paper have progressed slowly or even reversed course in reforming pricing of petroleum products. End-user prices in July 2012 varied by two orders of magnitude across the countries. More than two-fifths, including some that had only recently adopted automatic pricing mechanisms, froze the prices of gasoline, diesel, or both for months or even years on end during the study period. When the prices were finally adjusted, the increases were sometimes substantial, leading to large-scale protests, partial or full reversals of price adjustments, or softening of pricing reform policy. Governments' attempts to keep domestic prices artificially low -- through price control, export or quantity restrictions, or political pressure put on oil companies -- have helped curb inflation in the short term, but frequently with serious negative consequences: flourishing black markets, smuggling, fuel adulteration, illegal diversion of subsidy funds, large financial losses suffered by fuel suppliers, deteriorating refining and other infrastructure, and acute fuel shortages causing economy-wide damage. In several countries, subsidies, price controls, and other restrictions have helped protect inefficient refineries and oil marketers. Mitigation responses have included fuel conservation programs; fuel diversification, particularly liquid biofuels to substitute gasoline and diesel; and efforts to lower costs of supply, including strengthening infrastructure, promoting price competition, hedging, negotiating price discounts with exporters, and bulk procurement. Various forms of assistance to consumers have also been offered, especially to households, agriculture, transport, and fisheries.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17513782/petroleum-product-pricing-complementary-policies-experience-65-developing-countries-2009
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-6396
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/13201
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 6396
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR CONDITIONING
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectALTERNATIVE FUELS
dc.subjectANHYDROUS ETHANOL
dc.subjectAPPROACH
dc.subjectAUTOMOTIVE FUEL
dc.subjectAVAILABILITY
dc.subjectAVERAGE PRICE
dc.subjectAVIATION FUEL
dc.subjectBACKUP POWER
dc.subjectBALANCE
dc.subjectBARREL
dc.subjectBARRELS PER DAY
dc.subjectBIOMASS
dc.subjectBLACK MARKET
dc.subjectBLACK MARKETS
dc.subjectBORDER PRICES
dc.subjectBUSES
dc.subjectCAR
dc.subjectCAR TRIPS
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCOAL
dc.subjectCOMMERCIAL RESERVES
dc.subjectCOMMODITY PRICE
dc.subjectCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS
dc.subjectCONGESTION
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION OF POWER
dc.subjectCOST OF ETHANOL
dc.subjectCOSTS OF ELECTRICITY
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL PRICE
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL FUEL
dc.subjectDOMESTIC CRUDE OIL
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKETS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC REFINING
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectDRIVING
dc.subjectECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subjectEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subjectEFFICIENT LIGHTING
dc.subjectEFFICIENT TRAVEL
dc.subjectELECTRICITY
dc.subjectELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectELECTRICITY GENERATION
dc.subjectEMERGING MARKETS
dc.subjectENERGY CONSERVATION
dc.subjectENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectENERGY PRICES
dc.subjectETHANOL
dc.subjectETHANOL DEMAND
dc.subjectETHANOL IN GASOLINE
dc.subjectETHANOL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectETHANOL PROGRAM
dc.subjectEXPENDITURE
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFEEDSTOCK
dc.subjectFEEDSTOCK COSTS
dc.subjectFEEDSTOCK PRICES
dc.subjectFEEDSTOCKS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INCENTIVES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectFOSSIL
dc.subjectFOSSIL FUEL
dc.subjectFREIGHT
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL ADULTERATION
dc.subjectFUEL CONSERVATION
dc.subjectFUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectFUEL COSTS
dc.subjectFUEL ECONOMY
dc.subjectFUEL EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subjectFUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS
dc.subjectFUEL MARKET
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICE
dc.subjectFUEL PRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL PRICING
dc.subjectFUEL QUALITY
dc.subjectFUEL SHORTAGES
dc.subjectFUEL SPECIFICATIONS
dc.subjectFUEL STORAGE
dc.subjectFUEL STORAGE CAPACITY
dc.subjectFUEL SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectFUEL SUPPLY
dc.subjectFUEL SWITCHING
dc.subjectFUEL TANKS
dc.subjectFUEL TAX
dc.subjectFUEL USE
dc.subjectFUELS
dc.subjectGAS
dc.subjectGAS COMPANIES
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGASOLINE PRICE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD FUEL
dc.subjectHYDROPOWER
dc.subjectHYDROPOWER GENERATION
dc.subjectINFLATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL CRUDE OIL
dc.subjectKEROSENE
dc.subjectKEROSENE CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectKEROSENE SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectLAND USE
dc.subjectLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
dc.subjectLIQUID FUELS
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARKET ENTRY
dc.subjectMARKET PRICE
dc.subjectMARKET PRICES
dc.subjectMARKETING
dc.subjectMONOPOLY
dc.subjectMOTORISTS
dc.subjectNATIONAL OIL
dc.subjectNATIONAL OIL COMPANIES
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS MARKET
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS PRICES
dc.subjectNET OIL
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOIL COMPANIES
dc.subjectOIL COMPANY
dc.subjectOIL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectOIL EXPORTERS
dc.subjectOIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectOIL IMPORTS
dc.subjectOIL INDUSTRY
dc.subjectOIL PIPELINE
dc.subjectOIL PRICE
dc.subjectOIL PRICE CHANGES
dc.subjectOIL PRICES
dc.subjectOIL PRICING
dc.subjectOIL PRICING POLICY
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectOIL USE
dc.subjectOILS
dc.subjectPASSENGER TRANSPORT
dc.subjectPEAK POWER
dc.subjectPETROLEUM
dc.subjectPETROLEUM DIESEL
dc.subjectPETROLEUM GAS
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRICE
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICING
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectPETROLEUM SECTOR
dc.subjectPOWER
dc.subjectPOWER CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPOWER GENERATION
dc.subjectPOWER SECTOR
dc.subjectPOWER SHORTAGES
dc.subjectPRICE ADJUSTMENT
dc.subjectPRICE ADJUSTMENTS
dc.subjectPRICE CEILINGS
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGE
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGES
dc.subjectPRICE COMPETITION
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROL
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROLS
dc.subjectPRICE FREEZE
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASE
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectPRICE INDEX
dc.subjectPRICE LEVELS
dc.subjectPRICE OF DIESEL
dc.subjectPRICE OF GASOLINE
dc.subjectPRICE OF OIL
dc.subjectPRICE RISK
dc.subjectPRICE STABILIZATION
dc.subjectPRICE SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectPRICE VOLATILITY
dc.subjectPRICING MECHANISM
dc.subjectPRICING MECHANISMS
dc.subjectPRICING POLICIES
dc.subjectPRICING REFORM
dc.subjectPRODUCT PRICING
dc.subjectPROFIT MARGIN
dc.subjectPUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT
dc.subjectPUBLIC PERCEPTION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SAFETY
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT
dc.subjectRAIL
dc.subjectREDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectREDUCTION IN FUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectREFINERIES
dc.subjectREFINERY CLOSURES
dc.subjectREGULAR GASOLINE
dc.subjectRENEWABLE ENERGY
dc.subjectRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
dc.subjectRETAIL
dc.subjectRETAIL PRICE
dc.subjectRETAIL PRICES
dc.subjectROAD
dc.subjectROAD TRANSPORT
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSALE
dc.subjectSALES
dc.subjectSOLAR WATER HEATERS
dc.subjectSOYBEAN OIL
dc.subjectSPOT PRICES
dc.subjectSPREAD
dc.subjectSTABLE PRICES
dc.subjectSTREET LIGHTING
dc.subjectSTREETS
dc.subjectSUBSTITUTE
dc.subjectSUGAR CANE
dc.subjectSUGARCANE
dc.subjectSUGARCANE CULTIVATION
dc.subjectSUPPLIERS
dc.subjectSUPPLY CHAIN
dc.subjectSUPPLY COSTS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE ENERGY
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTAX REVENUES
dc.subjectTIRES
dc.subjectTRANSIT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SYSTEM
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION FUELS
dc.subjectTRAVEL MODES
dc.subjectTRUCKS
dc.subjectTRUE
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subjectUTILITIES
dc.subjectUTILITY COMPANY
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectVEHICLE DRIVERS
dc.subjectVEHICLE FUEL
dc.subjectVEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY
dc.subjectVEHICLE POPULATION
dc.subjectVEHICLES
dc.subjectWHOLESALE PRICE
dc.subjectWHOLESALE PRICES
dc.subjectWIND
dc.subjectWORLD MARKET
dc.subjectWORLD OIL PRICES
dc.titlePetroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies : Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009en
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaJobs
okr.crossref.titlePetroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies: Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009
okr.date.disclosure2013-04-01
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T12:11:01.511006Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17513782/petroleum-product-pricing-complementary-policies-experience-65-developing-countries-2009
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid287081468139496312
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-6396
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20130401160010
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum17513782
okr.identifier.reportWPS6396
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/04/01/000158349_20130401160010/Rendered/PDF/wps6396.pdfen
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Access to Markets
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Markets and Market Access
okr.topicTransport Economics Policy and Planning
okr.topicOil Refining and Gas Industry
okr.topicEnergy::Energy Production and Transportation
okr.topicIndustry
okr.topicTransport
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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