Publication: Innovative Financing of Education Technology as Part of Maximizing Financing for Development
Loading...
Published
2025-08-20
ISSN
Date
2025-08-20
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Digital technologies are increasingly important for delivering inclusive, resilient, and high-quality education, yet financing their effective deployment remains a key constraint in many low- and middle-income countries). This paper examines the scale of investment needed to achieve universal digital learning against the backdrop of constrained education budgets. It highlights common challenges ministries face, including limited fiscal space, underutilization of available funds, and inefficiencies in procurement practices. Drawing on global case studies and the World Bank’s EdTech principles, the paper outlines a practical framework for innovative financing that combines two strategic approaches: (1) stretching existing budgets through improved planning, cost-benefit analysis, and procurement reform; and (2) mobilizing additional funding from underleveraged sources such as Universal Service Access Funds, philanthropic capital, and blended finance. The report offers actionable recommendations to help ministries of education make smarter, result-oriented EdTech investments and build partnerships that enhance long-term impact and sustainability.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Antunes de Carvalho, F.; Lee, C.; Byanjeru, Y.. 2025. Innovative Financing of Education Technology as Part of Maximizing Financing for Development. Education Working Paper Series; No. 19. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/43618 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
- Publication Building Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity in Rwanda : Developing Practical Solutions to Practical Problems(Washington, DC : World Bank, 2008)The purpose of this report is to show how development issues and policy initiatives shaped the design and structure of the science, technology, and innovation (STI) capacity-building program that eventually emerged from the partnership between the Government of Rwanda and the World Bank. Too often, government STI capacity building programs do not closely link specific STI investments and the country's economic and social development objectives, almost as if investing in science and research and development (R&D) obviated the need to design detailed programmatic linkages and develop mission oriented capacity-building programs. These challenges fall into two broad categories: (a) improving the lives of the rural poor, reducing poverty, and achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and (b) generating wealth, diversifying the economy, and supporting private sector initiatives to produce and sell value-added natural resource (mostly agricultural) exports.
- Publication Turkey - National Innovation and Technology System : Recent Progress and Ongoing Challenges(Washington, DC, 2009-06)In January 2008, the Turkish Government requested the World Bank to jointly undertake an assessment of its National Innovation System (NIS) in order to help guide its ongoing efforts to deepen the role of innovation in the Turkish economy. This report identifies the recent progress and key ongoing challenges facing Turkey's NIS and draws on international experience to outline potential issues for further analysis. The next section provides an overview of the institutional structure, policy framework and main programs of Turkey's NIS and identifies issues in three main areas that hinder innovation performance: the intellectual property right (IPR) regime, collaboration between the research and enterprise sectors, and innovation finance. The third section uses available information (aggregate and firm-level data and a set of 20 case studies) to provide a review of the innovation and technology performance of the enterprise sector in Turkey and preliminarily address its possible determinants. Areas for further potential study and analysis are identified based on the key findings in each section.
- Publication Biotechnology Innovation for Inclusive Growth : A Study of Indian Policies to Foster Accelerated Technology Adaptation for Affordable Development(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-04)This paper describes and analyzes a series of complementary policy initiatives in India to adapt and commercialize existing global biotechnologies to meet local needs in healthcare, agriculture, industry and the environment in a more affordable manner. This evolving approach has been implemented through six complementary elements, namely (1) translational research; (2) technology access through global consortia; (3) commercialization supported by public-private partnerships, broadly interpreted; (4) skills development; (5) regulation; and (6) institutional governance, including special purpose vehicles, for effective project management. The paper focuses on two public-private partnership initiatives, the Small Business Innovation Research Initiative and the Biotechnology Industry Partnership Program, which together have allocated more than US$70 million in public funding to almost 150 projects, contributing to a total public-private investment of more than $170 million over the past five years. The authors' key recommendation, to ensure effective resource use and better policy impact, is for these innovation-support initiatives to adopt more continuous monitoring with quicker feedback from learning to implementation, and more rigorous impact evaluation including approaches that allow the results of firms benefiting from support to be compared with an appropriate group of firms not benefiting from support.
- Publication Leveraging High Technology to Drive Innovation and Competitiveness and Build the Sri Lankan Knowledge Economy(World Bank, 2009-06-01)This study was done at an opportune time in Sri Lanka's history: with end of the war there is hope for the country's peace, prosperity, and growth. To encourage economic growth, this study examines how high technology can drive competitiveness in key export-oriented industries and help build a strong Sri Lankan knowledge economy. The study examines global experience from economies around the world, but particularly several in Southeast Asia, to provide guidance on the role of national governments in enabling the development of a high-tech export sector and the application of high technologies in domestic production. More specifically, it reviews public policies, strategies, and investments in comparable countries that have been successful in promoting the absorption and use of high technologies for competitiveness, and applies lessons to Sri Lanka.
- Publication Albania Public Finance Review : Part 2. Improving the Efficiency and Quality of Public Spending(Washington, DC, 2014-05)Albania's rapid growth in the decade up to the 2008 global financial crisis propelled it to middle-income status and helped to reduce poverty. The global financial crisis in 2008 slammed the brakes on Albania's largely domestic-demand-driven growth. The government has accumulated sizable arrears in payments for public works and value-added tax (VAT) refunds. In a baseline scenario of no policy reforms, Albania's public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio is projected to reach 73.5 percent in 2015 and stay above 72 percent over the medium term. Empirical evidence confirms that high public debt depresses economic activity and significantly increases the probability of default. This report examines closely the opportunities for fiscal consolidation on both the revenue and expenditure sides. Combined effect of structural reforms will reduce Albania's public debt to GDP ratio significantly over the medium term. It can in parallel rebalance its capital spending, particularly in transport, toward maintenance to support growth. Albania needs to strengthen its institutions to reinforce financial discipline and strengthen fiscal policy. Institutional reforms are particularly needed with regard to public financial management (PFM) and introducing a fiscal rule to anchor policy over the medium term.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
- Publication Where You Are Born Matters(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-21)Abstract The circumstances into which individuals are born are beyond their control, yet they play a significant role in shaping people’s economic opportunities and are thus key drivers of inequality and its persistence over time. Understanding the role of place of birth is essential to understanding inequality of opportunities and social mobility, both of which directly affect overall inequality. This paper uses machine learning techniques and data from Colombia, one of the most unequal countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, to estimate inequality of opportunity and intergenerational education mobility indexes. The analysis incorporate place of birth and a more granular geographic lens to capture the extent of regional disparities. The findings show that 49 percent of the Gini income inequality is explained by circumstances at birth, and place of birth accounts for up to half of these inequalities. Intergenerational mobility measures at the department (province) level also reveal striking disparities in opportunities across the country. These findings underscore the critical role that place of birth plays in perpetuating inequality, providing important insights for policies aimed at promoting social mobility and reducing territorial disparities.
- Publication Financing Climate Adaptation and Nature-Based Infrastructure(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-14)This report assesses opportunities to increase private sector participation and financing for climate adaptation and nature-based infrastructure in Emerging and Developing Economies (EMDEs). Climate change is intensifying hydrological variability, coastal storms, and heatwaves, and these effects are anticipated to intensify as global temperatures continue to rise in the coming decades. The impacts of climate change will be felt hardest in EMDEs, which are structurally the most vulnerable to climate change. These climate trends are also combining with economic and population growth to drive unprecedented impacts on nature, including biodiversity, ecosystems, and the services they provide.
- Publication Global Economic Prospects, January 2022(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-01-11)The global recovery is set to decelerate amid diminished policy support, continued COVID-19 flare-ups, and lingering supply bottlenecks. In contrast to that in advanced economies, output in emerging market and developing economies will remain markedly below pre-pandemic trends over the forecast horizon. The outlook is clouded by various downside risks, including new COVID-19 outbreaks, the possibility of de-anchored inflation expectations, and financial stress in a context of record-high debt levels. If some countries eventually require debt restructuring, this will be more difficult to achieve than in the past. Climate change may increase commodity price volatility, creating challenges for the almost two-thirds of emerging market and developing economies that rely heavily on commodity exports and highlighting the need for asset diversification. Social tensions may heighten as a result of the increase in inequality caused by the pandemic. These challenges underscore the importance of strengthened global cooperation to promote a green, resilient, and inclusive recovery path.
- Publication Malaysia Economic Monitor, October 2025: From Bytes to Benefits - Digital Transformation as a Catalyst for Public Sector Productivity(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-10-07)GovTech - the special topic of this edition - has the potential to act as a critical lever for boosting public sector productivity and sustaining Malaysia’s transition to a digitally driven, high-income economy, which in turn will enable private sector growth and higher quality jobs for Malaysians. The country has committed significant financial resources to digitalization - investing billions in platforms such as MyGovCloud, MyDigital ID, and interoperable data systems - making it one of the region’s most ambitious GovTech reformers. However, international experience shows that investments in digital technology alone does not guarantee impact; without the adequate analogue complements - robust institutions, cross-government coordination, transparent data governance, and a digitally skilled workforce - digital investments risk fueling disillusionment rather than delivering productivity gains for governments and societies. The window for action is narrow as citizens’ expectations rise alongside escalating investments. Delays in strengthening the enabling environment could erode public trust and slow Malaysia’s digital momentum. Malaysia has already begun addressing these gaps through the creation of the Ministry of Digital, the Jabatan Digital Negara, and nationwide skills initiatives, yet challenges remain in integration, transparency, and uneven adoption across ministries and regions. To fully realize the digital dividends, Malaysia must move decisively to strengthen digital foundations, empower institutions, and put citizens at the center of reform - ensuring GovTech becomes a vehicle for efficiency, and a driver of trust, inclusion, and sustainable growth.
- Publication Green Horizon: East Asia’s Sustainable Energy Future(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-08-26)This overview lays out pathways to decarbonize the power and industrial sectors of the East Asia region, sectors that together constitute an overwhelming majority of the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emanating from these countries. With a specific focus on China, Indonesia, and Viet Nam, which together account for 80 percent of region’s emissions and represent 88 percent of the region’s coal consumption, the report argues for a stepped-up role of renewables in driving the region’s ambitious growth agenda, net zero targets, and industrialization and urbanization trajectory. Combining desk research, private sector surveys, stakeholder consultations, and quantitative modeling - and drawing from World Bank’s widespread operational footprint in the region - this overview presents the barriers to be addressed to up transition from a coal dominated system in the power sector and then to create the conditions for technological interventions in industrial sectors—improving energy and material efficiency, increasing electrification, and adopting advanced technologies such as green hydrogen and carbon capture and storage. This overview – an amalgamation of two reports on renewable energy and industrial decarbonization in the region, is a follow-up to a 2010 World Bank report titled "Winds of Change: East Asia’s Sustainable Energy Future".