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Trade, Foreign Exchange, and Energy Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran : Reform Agenda, Economic Implications, and Impact on the Poor

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dc.contributor.authorJensen, Jesper
dc.contributor.authorTarr, David
dc.date.accessioned2013-09-09T20:27:21Z
dc.date.available2013-09-09T20:27:21Z
dc.date.issued2002-01
dc.description.abstractThe Islamic Republic of Iran has committed itself to substantial trade and market reform in its Third Five-Year Development Plan. It started out with nontariff barriers on all products, a dual exchange rate regime with the market rate more than four times the official rate, and domestic energy subsidies equal to about 90 percent of the cost of energy products. Many of these policies were justified as helping the poor. To analyze the effect of the reforms, separately and together, the authors develop a multisector computable general equilibrium model with 10 rural and 10 urban households. They find that the combined reforms could generate welfare gains equal to about 50 percent of aggregate consumer income. These gains reflect the large initial distortions-for example, energy subsidies equal to about 18 percent of GDP, and retail energy prices equal to about 10 percent of world market prices. Separately, trade reform would lead to gains of about 5 percent of income, exchange rate reform to gains of 7 percent of income, and energy pricing reform to gains of 33 percent of income. The authors' results show that well-intentioned commodity subsidy policies for the poor can have perverse effects. Direct income payments to all households (not just the poor) would vastly increase the incomes of the poor compared with the status quo. Moreover, if the combined reforms were implemented, the poorest rural household would receive gains equal to about 290 percent of its income, and the poorest urban household gains equal to about 140 percent of its income.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/01/1687161/trade-foreign-exchange-energy-policies-islamic-republic-iran-reform-agenda-economic-implications-impact-poor
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-2768
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/15730
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 2768
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAPPLIED TARIFF
dc.subjectAVERAGE TARIFF
dc.subjectBENCHMARK
dc.subjectBENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectCAPITAL INFLOWS
dc.subjectCENTRAL BANK
dc.subjectCONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION
dc.subjectCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectCONSUMER INCOME
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCOST MINIMIZATION
dc.subjectCOUPONS
dc.subjectCURRENT ACCOUNT
dc.subjectCUSTOMS VALUATION
dc.subjectDEBT
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR GOODS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICES
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCERS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTS
dc.subjectECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectELASTICITIES
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEQUIVALENT VARIATION
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE REGIME
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETS
dc.subjectEXPORT PRICES
dc.subjectEXPORTERS
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGE
dc.subjectFOREIGN TRADE
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectIMPACT OF TRADE
dc.subjectIMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectIMPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subjectIMPORT DUTIES
dc.subjectIMPORT DUTY
dc.subjectIMPORT PROTECTION
dc.subjectIMPORT TARIFF
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINTERMEDIATE GOODS
dc.subjectINTERMEDIATE INPUTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL PRICES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST PRICING
dc.subjectMARKET MECHANISM
dc.subjectMARKET PRICES
dc.subjectMINES
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOIL SECTOR
dc.subjectOPEC
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectPRIMARY FACTORS
dc.subjectPRIVATE CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPRIVATE GOODS
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRODUCERS
dc.subjectQUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES
dc.subjectQUOTA RENTS
dc.subjectQUOTAS
dc.subjectREAL EXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectREAL WAGE
dc.subjectRENT SEEKING
dc.subjectRENT SEEKING BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectRESOURCE ALLOCATION
dc.subjectRETURN ON CAPITAL
dc.subjectTARIFF BARRIER
dc.subjectTARIFF BARRIERS
dc.subjectTARIFF DATA
dc.subjectTARIFF EQUIVALENCE
dc.subjectTARIFF EQUIVALENT
dc.subjectTARIFF EQUIVALENTS
dc.subjectTARIFF RATES
dc.subjectTARIFF REDUCTION
dc.subjectTARIFF REVENUE
dc.subjectTARIFF REVENUES
dc.subjectTERMS OF TRADE
dc.subjectTERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION INCREASES
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE REFORM
dc.subjectTRADE TAXES
dc.subjectUNIFORM TARIFFS
dc.subjectUNSKILLED LABOR
dc.subjectVALUATION
dc.subjectVALUE ADDED
dc.subjectVALUE OF EXPORTS
dc.subjectVALUE OF IMPORTS
dc.subjectWAGE RATE
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWELFARE GAINS
dc.subjectWORLD MARKETS
dc.subjectWORLD PRICES
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO
dc.subjectZERO PROFITS
dc.subjectZERO TARIFFS INTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGE
dc.subjectENERGY POLICY
dc.subjectREFORM POLICY
dc.subjectECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectSUBSIDIES
dc.titleTrade, Foreign Exchange, and Energy Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran : Reform Agenda, Economic Implications, and Impact on the Pooren
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleTrade, Foreign Exchange, and Energy Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Reform Agenda, Economic Implications, and Impact on the Poor
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T07:21:49.474101Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/01/1687161/trade-foreign-exchange-energy-policies-islamic-republic-iran-reform-agenda-economic-implications-impact-poor
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.guid550791468752792138
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-2768
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000094946_02020604053757
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum1687161
okr.identifier.reportWPS2768
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/02/16/000094946_02020604053757/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeMiddle East and North Africa
okr.region.countryIran, Islamic Republic of
okr.sectorEnergy and mining :: General energy sector
okr.sectorFinance :: Capital markets
okr.sectorIndustry and trade :: Other domestic and international trade
okr.themeEconomic management :: Macroeconomic management
okr.themeEconomic management :: Other economic management
okr.themeTrade and integration :: Trade facilitation and market access
okr.themeTrade and integration :: Other trade and integration
okr.topicHealth Economics and Finance
okr.topicBanks and Banking Reform
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Free Trade
okr.topicPayment Systems and Infrastructure
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Economic Stabilization
okr.topicEnvironmental Economics and Policies
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population
okr.unitOff of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
okr.volume1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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