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Income Diversification Patterns in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa : Reassessing the Evidence

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dc.contributor.authorDavis, Benjamin
dc.contributor.authorDi Giuseppe, Stefania
dc.contributor.authorZezza, Alberto
dc.date.accessioned2014-12-04T00:13:15Z
dc.date.available2014-12-04T00:13:15Z
dc.date.issued2014-11
dc.description.abstractIs Africa's rural economy transforming as its economies grow? This paper uses comparable income aggregates from 41 national household surveys from 22 countries to explore the extent of income diversification among rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa, and to look at how income diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa compares with other regions, taking into account differences in levels of development. The paper also seeks to understand how geography drives income diversification, focusing on the role of agricultural potential and distance to urban areas. The countries in the African sample have higher shares of on-farm income (63 versus 33 percent) and lower shares on nonagricultural wage income (8 and 21 percent) compared with countries of other regions. Specialization in on-farm activities continues to be the norm in rural Africa (52 percent of households, 21 percent in other regions). In terms of welfare, specialization in nonagricultural income-generating activities stochastically dominates farm-based strategies in all of the countries in our African sample. Crop income is still important for welfare, however, and even at higher levels of household income, crop activities continue to play an important complementary role. Regardless of distance and integration in the urban context, when agro-climatic conditions are favorable, farming remains the occupation of choice for most households in the African countries for which the study has geographically explicit information. When urban integration is low and agricultural conditions more difficult, the picture is mixed, with households more likely to engage more fully in nonfarm activities in Niger and Malawi, but less likely to do so in Uganda and Tanzania.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20378029/income-diversification-patterns-rural-sub-saharan-africa-reassessing-evidence
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-7108
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/20657
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank Group, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 7108
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL GROWTH
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LAND
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL WAGE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL WAGES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectBARRIERS TO ENTRY
dc.subjectBASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectBENEFICIAL EFFECTS
dc.subjectCASH CROPS
dc.subjectCASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION SMOOTHING
dc.subjectCREDIT MARKETS
dc.subjectCROP INCOME
dc.subjectCROP PRODUCTION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING REGIONS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
dc.subjectDIVERSIFIED INCOME PORTFOLIO
dc.subjectDIVISION OF LABOUR
dc.subjectECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT INCOME
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectFACTOR MARKETS
dc.subjectFARM ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectFARM ACTIVITY
dc.subjectFARM EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectFARM GROWTH
dc.subjectFARM INCOME
dc.subjectFARM INCOMES
dc.subjectFARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectFARMING ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectFOOD POLICY
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFOOD PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFOOD SECURITY
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGDP PER CAPITA
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD BUDGET
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEAD
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SIZE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME GENERATION
dc.subjectINCOME INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINCOME SHARES
dc.subjectINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectINSUFFICIENT INCOME
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINSURANCE MARKETS
dc.subjectLABOUR
dc.subjectLABOUR FORCE
dc.subjectLIQUIDITY
dc.subjectLIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK INCOME
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectMARKET ECONOMIES
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURES
dc.subjectNONFARM INCOME
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectOUTPUTS
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOORER HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOVERTY IMPACT
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subjectPRIVATE TRANSFERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVE ASSETS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectREGRESSION ANALYSIS
dc.subjectRESIDUAL INCOME
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectRURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectRURAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectRURAL INCOME
dc.subjectRURAL INCOMES
dc.subjectRURAL LIVELIHOODS
dc.subjectRURAL POOR
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROGRAMS
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectSPATIAL ANALYSIS
dc.subjectSPATIAL DISPERSION
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION
dc.subjectSUBSISTENCE
dc.subjectVULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.titleIncome Diversification Patterns in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa : Reassessing the Evidenceen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleIncome Diversification Patterns in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Reassessing the Evidence
okr.date.disclosure2014-11-01
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:53:21.355879Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20378029/income-diversification-patterns-rural-sub-saharan-africa-reassessing-evidence
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.globalpracticeSocial, Urban, Rural and Resilience
okr.guid861761468340796327
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-7108
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20141113133939
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum20378029
okr.identifier.reportWPS7108
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/11/13/000158349_20141113133939/Rendered/PDF/WPS7108.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeAfrica
okr.region.countryMalawi
okr.region.countryNiger
okr.region.countryTanzania
okr.region.countryUganda
okr.region.geographicalSub-Saharan Africa
okr.sectorAgriculture, fishing, and forestry,Health and other social services,Transportation,Education
okr.sectorGeneral agriculture, fishing and forestry sector,Health,General transportation sector,General education sector
okr.themeHuman development :: Nutrition and food security
okr.themeHuman development :: Other human development
okr.themeRural development :: Rural non-farm income generation
okr.themeRural development :: Rural services and infrastructure
okr.themeEnvironment and natural resources management
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Policies
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Regional Economic Development
okr.unitOffice of the Chief Economist , Africa Region; and Poverty and Inequality Unit, Development Economics Department
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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