Publication:
Informal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countries

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dc.contributor.authorHazans, Mihails
dc.date.accessioned2012-03-19T18:06:45Z
dc.date.available2012-03-19T18:06:45Z
dc.date.issued2011-12-01
dc.description.abstractThe European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment in 30 countries, focusing on employees without contracts and on informal self-employed workers (who are distinguished from formal workers). Overall the size of informal employment decreases from South to West to East to North. However, working without a contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West, except for Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Austria. Between 2004 and 2009, no cases were found when unemployment and dependent informality rates in a country went up together, suggesting that working without a contract is pro-cyclical in Europe. The dependent informality rate is inversely related to skills (measured by either schooling or occupation). Both in Southern and in Western Europe, the highest dependent informality rate is found among immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, while in Eastern Europe this group is second after minorities without immigrant background. In the Southern and part of Western Europe, immigrants not covered by European Union free mobility provisions are much more likely to work without a contract than otherwise similar natives. The paper provides evidence that exclusion and discrimination plays an important role in pushing employees into informality, while this seems not to be the case for informal self-employed workers. Both on average and after controlling for a rich set of individual characteristics, informal employees in all parts of Europe are having the largest financial difficulties among all categories of the employed population (yet they fare much better than the unemployed and discouraged), while informal self-employed workers are at least as well off as formal employees. Finally, there is a negative and significant effect of individual-level satisfaction with the national government on the propensity to work without a contract in Eastern Europe, as well as in Western Europe.en
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111213090401
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5912
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/3681
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5912
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAGE COMPOSITION
dc.subjectANNUAL LEAVE
dc.subjectAVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDISABILITY
dc.subjectDISPLACED WORKERS
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectEMPLOYEE
dc.subjectEMPLOYEE BENEFITS
dc.subjectEMPLOYERS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT STATUS
dc.subjectFIELD WORK
dc.subjectFIRING
dc.subjectFIRING COSTS
dc.subjectFORMAL LABOR MARKET
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectHIGHER EDUCATION
dc.subjectHIRING
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINFORMAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectINFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subjectJOB CREATION
dc.subjectJOB OFFER
dc.subjectJOB OFFERS
dc.subjectJOB SECURITY
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectLABOR DEMAND
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLABOR REGULATIONS
dc.subjectLABOR SUPPLY
dc.subjectLEGAL STATUS
dc.subjectLITERATURE
dc.subjectLONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectLONGTERM UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectLOW TRUST
dc.subjectMALE EMPLOYEES
dc.subjectMARKET ECONOMY
dc.subjectMINIMUM WAGE
dc.subjectMORALE
dc.subjectMOTIVATION
dc.subjectOCCUPATION
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectOLDER WORKERS
dc.subjectOPEN ACCESS
dc.subjectPAPERS
dc.subjectPRESENT VALUE
dc.subjectPRIME AGE
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES
dc.subjectPRODUCTION PROCESS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPROFESSIONALS
dc.subjectRECRUITMENT
dc.subjectRETIREMENT
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSAFETY NET
dc.subjectSALARIED WORKERS
dc.subjectSELF EMPLOYED
dc.subjectSELF EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectSELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectSICK LEAVE
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSMALL BUSINESS
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectTEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectTOTAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYED
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT RATE
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT RATES
dc.subjectUNION MEMBERSHIP
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY DEGREES
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY GRADUATES
dc.subjectWAGE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectWAGE LEVEL
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWORK ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectWORK EXPERIENCE
dc.subjectWORK IN PROGRESS
dc.subjectWORK PERMITS
dc.subjectWORKER
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKING
dc.subjectWORKING CONDITION
dc.subjectWORKING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectWORKING HOURS
dc.subjectWORKING TIME
dc.subjectYOUNG WORKERS
dc.titleInformal Workers across Europe : Evidence from 30 European Countriesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaJobs
okr.crossref.titleInformal Workers across Europe: Evidence from 30 European Countries
okr.date.disclosure2011-12-01
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T11:06:33.411102Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.docurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111213090401
okr.globalpracticeEducation
okr.globalpracticeSocial Protection and Labor
okr.guid168911468023338403
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5912
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20111213090401
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum15547681
okr.identifier.reportWPS5912
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/13/000158349_20111213090401/Rendered/PDF/WPS5912.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeEurope and Central Asia
okr.region.administrativeEurope and Central Asia
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Policies
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Work & Working Conditions
okr.topicTertiary Education
okr.topicEducation
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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