Publication:
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98

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dc.contributor.authorNga Nguyet Nguyen
dc.date.accessioned2014-08-08T21:42:50Z
dc.date.available2014-08-08T21:42:50Z
dc.date.issued2002-09
dc.description.abstractVietnam has achieved remarkably high rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to basic services) compared to other countries with similar low income per capita. The author documents and analyzes changes in enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98. Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increases were not equally spread across different income groups, regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level of education, the larger the gap in school enrollment among different socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were no longer compulsory at the primary level, households paid for many other school-related items, such as books, uniforms, private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are a significant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand, there is considerable variation in public spending per student across regions that, when coupled with variation in enrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poor public spending pattern, although public spending on primary education was neutral in 1998. Finally, the author investigates whether rates of return to education in the private wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes that returns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93 and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education and university levels.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-2891
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/19275
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 2891
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectADDITIONAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectAGE GROUP
dc.subjectAGED
dc.subjectBASIC EDUCATION
dc.subjectBASIC SERVICES
dc.subjectBETTER-OFF HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectCLASSROOMS
dc.subjectCOMPOSITION
dc.subjectCURRICULUM
dc.subjectDECENTRALIZATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectEDUCATION BUDGET
dc.subjectEDUCATION FINANCE
dc.subjectEDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectEDUCATION LEVEL
dc.subjectEDUCATION LEVELS
dc.subjectEDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subjectEDUCATION STATISTICS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE
dc.subjectENROLLMENT
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATE
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subjectENROLMENT RATE
dc.subjectENROLMENT RATES
dc.subjectEQUAL OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectETHNIC GROUPS
dc.subjectETHNIC MINORITIES
dc.subjectEXPANDED ACCESS
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectFORMAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectGENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectGENDER GAP
dc.subjectGER
dc.subjectGIRLS
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subjectGROUP EDUCATION
dc.subjectHOMEWORK
dc.subjectLEAVING SCHOOL
dc.subjectLEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLEVELS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY
dc.subjectLITERACY
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectNER
dc.subjectNET ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectPAPERS
dc.subjectPARENTS
dc.subjectPARTICIPATION RATES
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPOOR PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPRIMARY STUDENTS
dc.subjectPRIVATE COSTS
dc.subjectPRIVATE EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPUBLIC EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectPUBLIC FUNDING
dc.subjectPUBLIC PRIMARY
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subjectQUALITY EDUCATION
dc.subjectQUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectREPETITION
dc.subjectREPETITION RATE
dc.subjectREPETITION RATES
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL CHILDREN
dc.subjectSCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
dc.subjectSCHOOL CURRICULUM
dc.subjectSCHOOL HOURS
dc.subjectSCHOOL SUPPLIES
dc.subjectSCHOOLING
dc.subjectSCHOOLS
dc.subjectSECONDARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectSECONDARY LEVEL
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectTEACHER
dc.subjectTEACHERS
dc.subjectTEACHING
dc.subjectTEACHING AIDS
dc.subjectTERTIARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectTEXT BOOKS
dc.subjectTEXTBOOKS
dc.subjectTUITION FEES
dc.subjectTUTORIALS
dc.subjectTUTORING
dc.subjectTUTORS
dc.subjectUNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectUNIVERSITIES
dc.subjectUPPER PRIMARY
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectVOCATIONAL TRAINING
dc.subjectWORK EXPERIENCE EDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subjectSCHOOL ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectSOCIAL INDICATORS
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY
dc.subjectCHILD MORTALITY
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY (HUMAN)
dc.subjectFERTILITY RATE
dc.subjectCHILD NUTRITION
dc.subjectACCESSIBLE SERVICES
dc.subjectBASIC SERVICES
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL FINANCING
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectREGIONAL DISPARITY
dc.subjectETHNIC GROUPS
dc.subjectSOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC RATE OF CONVERGENCE
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectSECONDARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectHIGHER EDUCATION
dc.titleTrends in the Education Sector from 1993–98en
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaGender
okr.crossref.titleTrends in the Education Sector from 1993–98
okr.date.disclosure2002-09
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:42:51.389881Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98
okr.globalpracticeEducation
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid580581468760825463
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-2891
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000094946_02101104032680
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum2026462
okr.identifier.reportWPS2891
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/10/25/000094946_02101104032680/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeEast Asia and Pacific
okr.region.countryViet Nam
okr.sectorEducation :: General education sector
okr.topicHealth Monitoring and Evaluation
okr.topicEducation::Primary Education
okr.topicCurriculum and Instruction
okr.topicGender::Gender and Education
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Public Health Promotion
okr.topicTeaching and Learning
okr.unitOff of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
okr.volume1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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