Publication:
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance

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dc.contributor.authorKeen, Michael
dc.contributor.authorParry, Ian
dc.contributor.authorStrand, Jon
dc.date.accessioned2012-03-19T17:28:49Z
dc.date.available2012-03-19T17:28:49Z
dc.date.issued2012-01-01
dc.description.abstractThe international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses subject to any global measures to reduce their associated CO2 emissions, even though they represent at least 5 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions. A carbon charge on fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to $25 per tonne of emitted CO2 could raise about $12 billion from aviation and about $26 billion from shipping by 2020. Market-based instruments ought to be used to raise such revenue, preferably charges based on the carbon contents of fuels. Such charges would also scale back emissions by at least 5-10 percent. Developing countries ought to be able to keep their own tax revenue, and additional compensation to them for the economic burdens of these carbon charges may be warranted. Such compensation would constitute at most 40 percent of the raised global revenue. Implementing these charges can be a challenge, especially for aviation, where a large number of bilateral air-service agreements would need to be rewritten.en
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120117140509
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5950
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/3235
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5950
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR CARGO
dc.subjectAIR NAVIGATION
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectAIR SERVICE
dc.subjectAIR TICKETS
dc.subjectAIR TRAFFIC
dc.subjectAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
dc.subjectAIR TRANSPORT
dc.subjectAIRCRAFT
dc.subjectAIRLINE COMPANIES
dc.subjectAIRLINE TICKET
dc.subjectAIRPORT
dc.subjectAIRPORT CONGESTION
dc.subjectAIRPORT SECURITY
dc.subjectAIRPORT TAXES
dc.subjectAIRPORTS
dc.subjectALLOCATION
dc.subjectALLOWANCE
dc.subjectALTERNATIVE FUELS
dc.subjectALTITUDE
dc.subjectANNUAL EMISSION
dc.subjectANNUAL EMISSION REDUCTIONS
dc.subjectAPPROACH
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILE
dc.subjectAVERAGE COSTS
dc.subjectAVIATION EMISSIONS
dc.subjectAVIATION FUEL
dc.subjectAVIATION INDUSTRY
dc.subjectAVIATION SECTOR
dc.subjectBASELINE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectBASELINE LEVELS
dc.subjectBASES
dc.subjectBIO-DIESEL
dc.subjectCALORIFIC VALUE
dc.subjectCAPITAL GAINS
dc.subjectCARBON
dc.subjectCARBON CONTENT
dc.subjectCARBON EMISSIONS
dc.subjectCARBON LEAKAGE
dc.subjectCARBON PRICE
dc.subjectCARBON TAXES
dc.subjectCARRIERS
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCIRRUS CLOUDS
dc.subjectCLEAN TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCLIMATE STABILIZATION
dc.subjectCO
dc.subjectCO2
dc.subjectCOATINGS
dc.subjectCOMBUSTION
dc.subjectCOMPLETE LISTING
dc.subjectCONGESTION
dc.subjectCONGESTION PROBLEMS
dc.subjectCONSUMER PRICE
dc.subjectCONSUMER SURPLUS
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL PRICE
dc.subjectDEMAND CURVE
dc.subjectDEMAND ELASTICITY
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR TRAVEL
dc.subjectDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL ENGINES
dc.subjectDIESEL FUEL
dc.subjectDOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL
dc.subjectDOMESTIC AVIATION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC FLIGHTS
dc.subjectECONOMIC ANALYSIS
dc.subjectECONOMIC WELFARE
dc.subjectEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS
dc.subjectELASTICITIES
dc.subjectELASTICITIES OF DEMAND
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF DEMAND
dc.subjectEMISSION
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTIONS
dc.subjectEMISSION TRADING
dc.subjectEMISSIONS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS ALLOWANCES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS FROM AVIATION
dc.subjectEMISSIONS FROM SOURCES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS GROWTH
dc.subjectEMISSIONS INTENSITY
dc.subjectEMISSIONS MITIGATION
dc.subjectEMISSIONS PER TONNE
dc.subjectEMISSIONS PRICES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS REDUCTION
dc.subjectEMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS STANDARDS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS TARGETS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS TAXES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEQUITY OBJECTIVES
dc.subjectEXCISE TAXES
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFEASIBILITY
dc.subjectFISHING
dc.subjectFLAGS OF CONVENIENCE
dc.subjectFLEETS
dc.subjectFLIGHT PATHS
dc.subjectFOSSIL FUEL
dc.subjectFREE ALLOWANCES
dc.subjectFREIGHT
dc.subjectFREIGHT COSTS
dc.subjectFREIGHT SERVICES
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL CHARGES
dc.subjectFUEL CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectFUEL COSTS
dc.subjectFUEL ECONOMY
dc.subjectFUEL EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICE
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectFUEL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFUEL TAX
dc.subjectFUEL TAX RATES
dc.subjectFUEL TAXATION
dc.subjectFUEL TAXES
dc.subjectFUEL USE
dc.subjectFUELS
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGHG
dc.subjectGLOBAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectGLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION
dc.subjectGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS
dc.subjectGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GASES
dc.subjectGROSS RECEIPTS
dc.subjectHEAVY FUEL OIL
dc.subjectHYDROGEN
dc.subjectIMPORT PRICES
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINPUT PRICES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL AVIATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT
dc.subjectIPCC
dc.subjectJOURNEY
dc.subjectLAND USE
dc.subjectLIGHT TRUCKS
dc.subjectLIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
dc.subjectLOCAL AIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectLOCAL AIR QUALITY
dc.subjectLOW-SULFUR
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARITIME TRANSPORT
dc.subjectMARKET DISTORTIONS
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURE
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURES
dc.subjectMINIMUM PRICE
dc.subjectMOBILITY
dc.subjectMONETARY FUND
dc.subjectMOTOR FUEL
dc.subjectMOTOR FUEL TAXES
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectNOISE
dc.subjectOIL PRICES
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectOIL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectOILS
dc.subjectOZONE
dc.subjectPASSENGER NUMBERS
dc.subjectPASSENGER REVENUE
dc.subjectPASSENGER TRAVEL
dc.subjectPASSENGERS
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY SCENARIO
dc.subjectPOLICY SCENARIOS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOWER
dc.subjectPOWER STATIONS
dc.subjectPP
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGE
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITY
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
dc.subjectPRICE FLOOR
dc.subjectPRICE IMPACTS
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASE
dc.subjectPRODUCERS
dc.subjectPUBLIC GOODS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subjectREDUCING EMISSIONS
dc.subjectREDUCTION IN FUEL USE
dc.subjectREDUCTION IN TRAVEL
dc.subjectROUTE
dc.subjectROUTES
dc.subjectRUNWAYS
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSOCIAL COSTS
dc.subjectSPEEDS
dc.subjectSUBSTITUTION
dc.subjectSULFUR
dc.subjectSULFUR EMISSIONS
dc.subjectSULPHUR
dc.subjectSULPHUR CONTENT
dc.subjectSUNLIGHT
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVE
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVES
dc.subjectSURCHARGES
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTAX DESIGN
dc.subjectTAX EXEMPT
dc.subjectTAX EXEMPTIONS
dc.subjectTAX RATE
dc.subjectTAX REVENUE
dc.subjectTAX SYSTEMS
dc.subjectTAXATION OF FUEL
dc.subjectTOTAL COSTS
dc.subjectTOTAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectTRADING PATTERNS
dc.subjectTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectTRANSIT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT MARKET
dc.subjectTRANSPORT MODES
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION COSTS
dc.subjectTRAVEL COSTS
dc.subjectTRAVEL DEMAND
dc.subjectTRAVELERS
dc.subjectTRIP
dc.subjectTRIPS
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWELFARE EFFECTS
dc.subjectWINDFALL PROFITS
dc.titleMarket-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Financeen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleMarket-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance
okr.date.disclosure2012-01-01
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T11:04:40.746351Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.docurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120117140509
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid678661468155734989
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5950
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20120117140509
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum15637623
okr.identifier.reportWPS5950
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/01/17/000158349_20120117140509/Rendered/PDF/WPS5950.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeThe World Region
okr.region.administrativeThe World Region
okr.topicEnergy::Energy Production and Transportation
okr.topicTransport
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationc9d5219c-9076-5386-b0d2-03bab820c61d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryc9d5219c-9076-5386-b0d2-03bab820c61d
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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