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Childcare, COVID-19 and Female Firm Exit: Impact of COVID-19 School Closure Policies on Global Gender Gaps in Business Outcomes

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dc.contributor.authorGonzalez, Paula
dc.contributor.authorGoldstein, Markus
dc.contributor.authorPapineni, Sreelakshmi
dc.contributor.authorWimpey, Joshua
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-22T13:22:16Z
dc.date.available2022-04-22T13:22:16Z
dc.date.issued2022-04
dc.description.abstractThis paper estimates the impact of a large negative childcare shock on gender gaps in entrepreneurship using the shock created by national COVID-19 school closure policies. The paper leverages a unique data set of monthly enterprise data collected from a repeated cross-section of business owners across 50 countries via Facebook throughout 2020 and in 2021. The paper shows that, globally, female-led firms were, on average, 4 percentage points more likely to close their business and experienced larger revenue declines than male-led firms during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (male firms closed at a rate of 17 percent in 2020, and 12 percent in 2021). The gender gap in firm closures persisted into 2021. The closing of schools, a key part of the care infrastructure, led to higher business closures, and women with children were more likely to close their business in response to a school closure policy than men with children. Female entrepreneurs were found to take on a greater share of the increase in the domestic and care work burden than male entrepreneurs. Finally, the paper finds that women entrepreneurs in societies with more conservative norms with respect to gender equality were significantly more likely to close their business and increase the time spent on domestic and care responsibilities in response to a school closure policy, relative to women in more liberal societies. The paper provides global evidence of a motherhood penalty and childcare constraint to help explain gender inequalities in an entrepreneurship context.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099801504202219533/IDU09a0b48500e81804d330adf50b3fd02049079
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-10012
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/37328
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;10012
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectCOVID-19 JOB LOSS
dc.subjectCOVID-19 SCHOOL CLOSURES
dc.subjectBUSINSS OUTCOME GENDER GAPS
dc.subjectMOTHER'S EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectGENDER
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURSHIP
dc.subjectFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectFIRM PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectWAGE GAP
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT INEQUITY
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUITY
dc.subjectMOTHERHOOD PENALTY
dc.subjectCOVID LABOR MARKET
dc.subjectCHILDCARE
dc.subjectUNPAID DOMESTIC AND CARE WORK
dc.subjectAFRICA GENDER POLICY
dc.subjectGENDER INNOVATION LAB
dc.subjectWOMEN AND PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
dc.titleChildcare, COVID-19 and Female Firm Exiten
dc.title.subtitleImpact of COVID-19 School Closure Policies on Global Gender Gaps in Business Outcomesen
dc.typeWorking Paperen
dc.typeDocument de travailfr
dc.typeDocumento de trabajoes
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleChildcare, COVID-19 and Female Firm Exit: Impact of COVID-19 School Closure Policies on Global Gender Gaps in Business Outcomes
okr.date.disclosure2022-04-20
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:16:24.450986Z
okr.date.lastmodified2022-04-20T00:00:00Zen
okr.doctypePolicy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099801504202219533/IDU09a0b48500e81804d330adf50b3fd02049079
okr.guid099801504202219533
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-10012
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum33790847
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum33790847
okr.identifier.reportWPS10012
okr.importedtrueen
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099801504202219533/pdf/IDU09a0b48500e81804d330adf50b3fd02049079.pdfen
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Markets
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Inequality
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::SARS
okr.topicGender::Gender Monitoring and Evaluation
okr.topicGender::Gender and Health
okr.unitGender Impact Evaluation (AFEGI)
relation.isAuthorOfPublication442e6ddc-d567-5db8-8fea-62f71781ad6a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery442e6ddc-d567-5db8-8fea-62f71781ad6a
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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