Publication: What Works at Scale? Distilling the Critical Success Factors for Scaling Up Rural Sanitation
Loading...
Date
2014-05-27
ISSN
Published
2014-05-27
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
In February 2014, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, in collaboration with the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank, brought together policy makers, scholars and practitioners in Jaipur, India, for the Knowledge Sharing Forum entitled what works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling up rural sanitation. The forum participants reviewed the conditions required for successful sanitation programs and strategies that could lead to sound implementation of such programs and strategies in their own states and/or countries. Participants from within India came from State and District sanitation programs, international organizations, NGOs and the private sector. The forum also benefited from international experience, with strategic inputs provided by key resource people from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Thailand and Uganda. Prior to the formal sessions, international participants were able to visit two districts in Rajasthan to observe sanitation campaigns which had resulted in open defecation-free status. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), Clean India Campaign, focuses on a comprehensive program to ensure the sustained use of safe sanitation facilities in rural areas, eliminating the practice of open defecation and ensuring a clean environment. The NBA experience has shown that without the motivation for safe sanitation, facilities will not be used with any degree of consistency. Demand creation must therefore take precedence over physical implementation and new practices must be sustained after construction. The focus is not on individual households but on groups of people at the habitation, village, community (Panchayat) levels who can work together, supporting each other to achieve long term open defecation-free status. Once the demand is created, a strong supply chain must be in place to ensure a rapid response.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2014. What Works at Scale? Distilling the Critical Success Factors for Scaling Up Rural Sanitation. © http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18947 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Marching Together with a Citywide Sanitation Strategy(Washington, DC, 2010-01)This book contains the principles a municipal government should consider before developing a citywide sanitation strategy. In this context, this strategy refers to a city's strategic mid-term sanitation development plan, which incorporates vision, missions, objectives and targets as well as specific strategies to improve sanitation services. Chapter one starts with an introduction of the background, objectives, concept, and the process of a city sanitation development, followed by a description of the position of the citywide sanitation strategy within the sanitation development planning process. The remaining chapters describe the steps to develop a citywide sanitation strategy. Chapter's two to six explain the five major steps of the process: a) establishing a working group, b) city sanitation mapping, c) defining a sanitation development framework, d) preparing a strategy for sanitation services development, and e) preparing a strategy for development of non-technical aspects. Finally, chapter seven concludes the book with a series of follow-up activities for implementation upon approval of the citywide sanitation strategy.Publication Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China(Washington, DC, 2012-09)This study evaluates the costs and benefits of technical sanitation options and programs in Yunnan Province, China, as part of the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) conducted by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program in East Asia. As an underdeveloped province, Yunnan has achieved huge progress in sanitation improvement since the 1990s. Sanitation options evaluated in the study include the facilities to collect and convey human excreta, household wastewater treatment, and related hygiene practices. The benefits of sanitation evaluated include health, water quality, time to access sanitation facilities, external environment, reuse of human excreta, quality of life improvement, and other intangible benefits such as privacy, cleanliness and comfort. The costs of sanitation measured include investment costs and recurrent costs (operations and maintenance). The study compares the costs and benefits of alternative improved sanitation options over the expected life of each technology, to estimate efficiency of alternative sanitation options. For the study sanitation options in eight different sites throughout Yunnan Province were selected. Three rural sites include: a) villages in Luquan county s mountainous rural villages (R1); b) Dali Shangguan (R2) lakeside plain; and c) villages in Qiubei county (R3). Three urban sites represent: a) Kunming (U1); b) Dali (U2); and c) Qiubei (U3). Two peri-urban sites include: a) Kunyang town of Jinning County (PU1) and b) Dali Zhoucheng (PU2). The economic returns on all improved sanitation options are significant in all the sites evaluated, when compared with no access to basic sanitation.Publication Scaling Up Rural Sanitation : Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Madhya Pradesh, India(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-03)In India, Water and Sanitation Program's (WSP's) global scaling up rural sanitation program is supporting the Government of India's (GoI) Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in two states: Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. TSC is an ambitious countrywide, scaled-up rural sanitation program launched by the GoI in 1999, which seeks to attain an Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2012. In contrast to earlier, hardware-centric supply approaches to rural sanitation, TSC aims to generate demand for and adoption of improved sanitation at the community level. The program focuses on creating ODF communities rather than bringing about incremental individual changes. The TSC aims not only to achieve ODF communities but also focuses on hygiene, waste management, and sanitation in schools and institutions. The main components of the intervention include: 1) community-led total sanitation, 2) social marketing of sanitation, 3) strengthening the enabling environment, and 4) nirmal gram puraskar awards. Although the data are limited in establishing causality, emerging trends indicate that gains in improved sanitation, likely to be brought about by TSC, could have positive impacts on the health and welfare of rural families, especially young children.Publication Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in Bangladesh(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-01)This study estimates the nonmonetary, financial, and economic costs of poor sanitation in the areas of health, drinking water, and domestic water, as well as user preference and welfare. Financial costs refer to the direct financial expense paid in monetary terms by someone, such as changes in household and government spending and real income losses for households. Nonmonetary costs consist of both longer-term financial impacts (such as less educated children, fewer children, and loss of working people due to premature death or relevant morbidity), and nonfinancial implications, such as the value of loss of life, time-use of adults and children, and intangible impacts. Bangladesh has made inadequate progress toward the sanitation-related millennium development goal (MDG) target. The country's financial commitment and political priority for sanitation also has shown inadequate progress (Water-Aid, 2008). Therefore, to mitigate the adverse effects of poor sanitation and hygiene practices, intervention is necessary. The aim of this study is to provide concrete evidence of the impact poor sanitation has on the population and the environment and, consequently, on the economy. This study provides estimates of the current and long-term effects of poor sanitation, which cover not only the negative impacts of poor sanitation but also the potential gains that different sanitation interventions could achieve. Policy makers and water and sanitation advocacy organizations are the target audience of this study.Publication Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling up Sanitation Programs : East Java, Indonesia(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01)The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 sanitation Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in Indonesia, Tanzania and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline assessment of the enabling environment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in July and August 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation in mid-2009. The purposes of the baseline assessment are to: (1) assess to extent to which the programmatic conditions for scale up and sustainability are in place at the beginning of the project, and (2) on the basis of the baseline assessment findings, recommend what should be done to address the gaps during project implementation, and determine whether conditions are conducive for scaling up and sustaining results at the end of the implementation period. The purpose of the final assessment (at the end of the implementation period) will be to determine whether suitable programmatic conditions are in place to meet the 2015 MDG targets and sustain these broader achievements over time. This report presents the main findings and recommendations from the baseline assessment of the enabling environment to scale up, sustain and replicate sanitation improvements in East Java, Indonesia. In order to ensure consistency in the assessment findings, WSP developed a conceptual framework for assessing the enabling environment for sanitation. This framework was developed based on a literature review and a series of discussions with key actors.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Global Economic Prospects, January 2025(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-01-16)Global growth is expected to hold steady at 2.7 percent in 2025-26. However, the global economy appears to be settling at a low growth rate that will be insufficient to foster sustained economic development—with the possibility of further headwinds from heightened policy uncertainty and adverse trade policy shifts, geopolitical tensions, persistent inflation, and climate-related natural disasters. Against this backdrop, emerging market and developing economies are set to enter the second quarter of the twenty-first century with per capita incomes on a trajectory that implies substantially slower catch-up toward advanced-economy living standards than they previously experienced. Without course corrections, most low-income countries are unlikely to graduate to middle-income status by the middle of the century. Policy action at both global and national levels is needed to foster a more favorable external environment, enhance macroeconomic stability, reduce structural constraints, address the effects of climate change, and thus accelerate long-term growth and development.Publication Argentina Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11)The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.Publication Business Ready 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-03)Business Ready (B-READY) is a new World Bank Group corporate flagship report that evaluates the business and investment climate worldwide. It replaces and improves upon the Doing Business project. B-READY provides a comprehensive data set and description of the factors that strengthen the private sector, not only by advancing the interests of individual firms but also by elevating the interests of workers, consumers, potential new enterprises, and the natural environment. This 2024 report introduces a new analytical framework that benchmarks economies based on three pillars: Regulatory Framework, Public Services, and Operational Efficiency. The analysis centers on 10 topics essential for private sector development that correspond to various stages of the life cycle of a firm. The report also offers insights into three cross-cutting themes that are relevant for modern economies: digital adoption, environmental sustainability, and gender. B-READY draws on a robust data collection process that includes specially tailored expert questionnaires and firm-level surveys. The 2024 report, which covers 50 economies, serves as the first in a series that will expand in geographical coverage and refine its methodology over time, supporting reform advocacy, policy guidance, and further analysis and research.Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication World Development Report 2006(Washington, DC, 2005)This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.