Publication:
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises

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dc.contributor.authorTrachtman, Joel
dc.contributor.authorHoekman, Bernard
dc.date.accessioned2012-06-06T18:02:56Z
dc.date.available2012-06-06T18:02:56Z
dc.date.issued2007-08
dc.description.abstractStatutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to World Trade Organization disciplines. This paper assesses a recent dispute brought by the United States against Canada, alleging that WTO rules require state trading enterprises to operate solely in accordance with commercial considerations and that the Canadian government did not require the Canadian Wheat Board to do so. The panel and Appellate Body found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state trading enterprises was nondiscrimination, and that operating on the basis of "commercial considerations" was not an independent obligation. Instead, WTO disciplines regarding the pricing behavior of state trading enterprises use a "commercial considerations" test as a possible indicator of discrimination. Although a significant degree of price discrimination is observed in the case of Canadian wheat exports, there are economic arguments why this might also be pursued by a private, profit maximizing firm.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/8193181/canada-wheat-discrimination-non-commercial-considerations-state-trading-enterprises
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4337
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/7286
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4337
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCORD
dc.subjectADEQUATE OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
dc.subjectADVERSE EFFECTS
dc.subjectAFFECTING IMPORTS
dc.subjectAGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL TRADE
dc.subjectALLOCATION MECHANISMS
dc.subjectANTI-DUMPING DUTIES
dc.subjectAPPELLATE BODY
dc.subjectAPPELLATE BODY REPORT
dc.subjectAVERAGE PRICE
dc.subjectAVERAGE PRICES
dc.subjectBORROWING
dc.subjectCOMMERCE
dc.subjectCOMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectCOMPETITION ISSUES
dc.subjectCOMPETITION POLICY
dc.subjectCONDITIONS OF PURCHASE
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCONTRACTING PARTIES
dc.subjectCOOPERATIVES
dc.subjectCOUNTERVAILING DUTIES
dc.subjectCOURNOT COMPETITION
dc.subjectCREDITS
dc.subjectDEBT
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDIFFERENTIAL PRICING
dc.subjectDIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATORY PRICING
dc.subjectDISPUTE SETTLEMENT
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCERS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subjectDUMPING
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectECONOMIC POWER
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subjectEXCLUSION
dc.subjectEXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
dc.subjectEXPLOITATION
dc.subjectEXPORT COMPETITION
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETING
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETS
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDY
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectEXTERNAL TRADE
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFOREIGN BUYERS
dc.subjectFOREIGN INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFOREIGN MARKETS
dc.subjectGOOD FAITH
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT REGULATION
dc.subjectID
dc.subjectIMPORTED GOODS
dc.subjectIMPORTED PRODUCTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL LAW
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL RULES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
dc.subjectLEGAL FRAMEWORK
dc.subjectLOAN
dc.subjectLOAN GUARANTEES
dc.subjectMARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectMARKET CONSTRAINTS
dc.subjectMARKET LEADERSHIP
dc.subjectMARKET POWER
dc.subjectMARKET PRICE
dc.subjectMARKET SHARE
dc.subjectMARKETING
dc.subjectMARKETING BOARDS
dc.subjectMINIMUM STANDARDS
dc.subjectMONOPOLIES
dc.subjectMONOPOLY
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
dc.subjectNATIONAL TREATMENT
dc.subjectNATIONAL TREATMENT OBLIGATIONS
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectOLIGOPOLY
dc.subjectOPERATIONAL COSTS
dc.subjectPANEL REPORT
dc.subjectPANEL REVIEW
dc.subjectPANEL STAGE
dc.subjectPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subjectPLANNED ECONOMIES
dc.subjectPOLICY BASIS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPREMIUM PRICE
dc.subjectPRICE DISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectPRICE SETTING
dc.subjectPRICE STABILIZATION
dc.subjectPRICE SUPPORT
dc.subjectPRICING SCHEME
dc.subjectPRIVATE ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectPRODUCER PRICES
dc.subjectPRODUCERS PRICES
dc.subjectPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
dc.subjectPROFIT MAXIMIZATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectPURCHASING
dc.subjectRELEVANT MARKET
dc.subjectSALE
dc.subjectSALES
dc.subjectSMALL FARMERS
dc.subjectSPECIAL FINANCING
dc.subjectSUBSIDIZATION
dc.subjectSUPPLIERS
dc.subjectSURPLUS
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTHIRD MARKETS
dc.subjectTOTAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectTRADE LAW
dc.subjectTRADE NEGOTIATIONS
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADING SYSTEM
dc.subjectTRANSACTION COSTS
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURUGUAY ROUND
dc.subjectWORLD MARKET
dc.subjectWORLD MARKETS
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO
dc.titleCanada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprisesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleCanada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, And State Trading Enterprises
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:56:36.340256Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/8193181/canada-wheat-discrimination-non-commercial-considerations-state-trading-enterprises
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeGovernance
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.guid272601468015858280
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4337
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20070829095818
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum8193181
okr.identifier.reportWPS4337
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/08/29/000158349_20070829095818/Rendered/PDF/wps4337.pdfen
okr.region.countryCanada
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicFinance and Financial Sector Development::Access to Finance
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Markets and Market Access
okr.topicLaw and Development::Trade Law
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade::Access to Markets
okr.topicInternational Economics and Trade
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublication49a06ad1-63d4-5c3a-8b66-c6c3009e9cdf
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery49a06ad1-63d4-5c3a-8b66-c6c3009e9cdf
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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