Publication:
Poverty, Inequality, and Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform

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dc.contributor.authorDollar, David
dc.date.accessioned2012-06-07T15:47:32Z
dc.date.available2012-06-07T15:47:32Z
dc.date.issued2007-06
dc.description.abstractChina has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world over the past 25 years. This growth has fueled a remarkable increase in per capita income and a decline in the poverty rate from 64 percent at the beginning of reform to 10 percent in 2004. At the same time, however, different kinds of disparities have increased. Income inequality has risen, propelled by the rural-urban income gap and by the growing disparity between highly educated urban professionals and the urban working class. There have also been increases in inequality of health and education outcomes. Some rise in inequality was inevitable as China introduced a market system, but inequality may have been exacerbated rather than mitigated by a number of policy features. Restrictions on rural-urban migration have limited opportunities for the relatively poor rural population. The inability to sell or mortgage rural land has further reduced opportunities. China has a uniquely decentralized fiscal system that has relied on local government to fund basic health and education. The result has been that poor villages could not afford to provide good services, and poor households could not afford the high private costs of basic public services. Ironically, the large trade surplus that China has built up in recent years is a further problem, in that it stimulates an urban industrial sector that no longer creates many jobs while restricting the government's ability to increase spending to improve services and address disparities. The government's recent policy shift to encourage migration, fund education and health for poor areas and poor households, and rebalance the economy away from investment and exports toward domestic consumption and public services should help reduce social disparities.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/06/7716207/poverty-inequality-social-disparities-during-chinas-economic-reform
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4253
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/7404
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4253
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectADULT POPULATION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL GROWTH
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LAND
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAVERAGE LEVEL
dc.subjectBASIC EDUCATION
dc.subjectBASIC SOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectCAPITAL ACCOUNT
dc.subjectCAPITAL CONTROLS
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE EXCHANGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE EXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectCULTURAL CHANGE
dc.subjectDECENT HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectDEMAND SIDE
dc.subjectDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORM
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORMS
dc.subjectECONOMIC REVIEW
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectEDUCATED PEOPLE
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectEXTREME POVERTY
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFOREIGN TRADE
dc.subjectGLOBAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectGROWING ECONOMY
dc.subjectHEADCOUNT RATIO
dc.subjectHEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subjectHEALTH OUTCOMES
dc.subjectHIGH GROWTH
dc.subjectHIGH GROWTH RATE
dc.subjectHIGHER INEQUALITY
dc.subjectHOSPITAL
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME GAP
dc.subjectINCOME INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINCOME STUDY
dc.subjectINCREASED INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINCREASING INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL SECTOR
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectINFANT
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY RATE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL POLICY
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINVESTMENT CLIMATE
dc.subjectJOB CREATION
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLABOR SHORTAGES
dc.subjectLARGE POPULATION
dc.subjectLAWS
dc.subjectLEGAL RIGHTS
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectLOCAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectLONG RUN
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMIGRANT
dc.subjectMIGRANTS
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMINORITY
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOPEN DOOR
dc.subjectPATIENT
dc.subjectPER CAPITA GROWTH
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPERSONAL INCOME
dc.subjectPOLICY MEASURES
dc.subjectPOLICY OPTIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR AREAS
dc.subjectPOOR COUNTRY
dc.subjectPOOR FAMILIES
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOPULOUS COUNTRY
dc.subjectPOSITIVE IMPACT
dc.subjectPOVERTY HEADCOUNT
dc.subjectPOVERTY LEVEL
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectPOVERTY RATE
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subjectPRICE STABILITY
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIMARY HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIVATE CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectPUBLIC GOODS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subjectPUBLIC SUPPORT
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER PARITY
dc.subjectQUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectRAPID GROWTH
dc.subjectREAL INCOMES
dc.subjectREFORM PROGRAM
dc.subjectRICH COUNTRIES
dc.subjectRISING INEQUALITY
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL AREA
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL BASIC EDUCATION
dc.subjectRURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectRURAL HEALTH
dc.subjectRURAL INCOME
dc.subjectRURAL LIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATION
dc.subjectRURAL PUBLIC
dc.subjectRURAL RESIDENTS
dc.subjectSAFETY NET
dc.subjectSAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectSKILLED PROFESSIONALS
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectSOCIAL OUTCOMES
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSOCIAL SPENDING
dc.subjectSTATE INTERVENTION
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL POLICIES
dc.subjectSURVIVAL RATE
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY EDUCATION
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN MIGRATION
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBAN WORKERS
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectWORKING CLASS
dc.titlePoverty, Inequality, and Social Disparities During China's Economic Reformen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titlePoverty, Inequality, And Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T09:38:25.564182Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/06/7716207/poverty-inequality-social-disparities-during-chinas-economic-reform
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid182041468241155669
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4253
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000016406_20070613095018
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum7716207
okr.identifier.reportWPS4253
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/13/000016406_20070613095018/Rendered/PDF/wps4253.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeEast Asia and Pacific
okr.region.countryChina
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Inequality
okr.topicHealth Monitoring and Evaluation
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Achieving Shared Growth
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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