Publication:
Commitment Savings Accounts in Malawi: A Product Design Case Study

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (1.22 MB)
290 downloads
English Text (34.17 KB)
36 downloads
Published
2015-03
ISSN
Date
2015-04-02
Editor(s)
Abstract
Malawi s economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, especially tobacco, which comprises a majority of the country s exports. Tobacco farmers have one harvest a year, and while their income stream occurs over several months it must last them for the entire year, making it difficult to smooth consumption throughout the year. The objective of this case study is to present the design and implementation of a commitment savings product for groups of tobacco farmers in Malawi. The product was successful in encouraging savings, increasing input purchases and yields for the next year s harvest, and increasing consumption after the harvest. The following sections describe the lack of formal savings options for rural farmers, the behavioral concept behind commitment savings accounts, the product designed to address these problems and subsequent changes to the original design, results of a field experiment evaluating the product, and lessons learned for other commitment savings products.
Link to Data Set
Citation
International Finance Corporation. 2015. Commitment Savings Accounts in Malawi: A Product Design Case Study. © International Finance Corporation. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21681 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Commitments to Save : A Field Experiment in Rural Malawi
    (2011-08-01) Brune, Lasse; Giné, Xavier; Goldberg, Jessica; Yang, Dean
    This paper reports the results of a field experiment that randomly assigned smallholder cash crop farmers formal savings accounts. In collaboration with a microfinance institution in Malawi, the authors tested two primary treatments, offering either: 1) "ordinary" accounts, or 2) both ordinary and "commitment" accounts. Commitment accounts allowed customers to restrict access to their own funds until a future date of their choosing. A control group was not offered any account but was tracked alongside the treatment groups. Only the commitment treatment had statistically significant effects on subsequent outcomes. The effects were positive and large on deposits and withdrawals immediately prior to the next planting season, agricultural input use in that planting, crop sales from the subsequent harvest, and household expenditures in the period after harvest. Across the set of key outcomes, the commitment savings treatment had larger effects than the ordinary savings treatment. Additional evidence suggests that the positive impacts of commitment derive from keeping funds from being shared with one's social network.
  • Publication
    Enhancing Financial Capability and Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-01) Lundberg, Mattias; Mulaj, Florentina; Lundberg, Mattias; Mulaj, Florentina
    The Russia Trust Fund for Financial Literacy and Education was set up to support the advancement of financial literacy and capability in low- and middle-income countries. Established in 2008 with funding provided by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Trust Fund enabled the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to conduct methodological, analytical, and policy work on financial literacy, capability, and education. The program has supported work on the definition and measurement of financial capability, methods, and tools to understand the impact of financial capability programs; and field research on interventions designed to enhance financial capability. This volume presents the results of pilot projects financed by the Trust Fund. These include some truly pioneering research into new areas for financial capacity building, including the use of diaries to increase financial awareness, innovative methods for information provision, and new ways to deliver messages that encourage safer financial behavior, such as feature films, TV soap operas, and comic books. These methods open financial literacy to a much broader audience, and with potentially greater impact, than has been achieved through more conventional means.
  • Publication
    Niger : Financial Sector Assessment
    (Washington, DC, 2010-04-12) World Bank
    Since 1999, the Nigerien authorities have embarked on a program of reform to develop the financial system and ensure its stability in the wake of a regional banking crisis. Despite this progress, much remains to be done to bring the financial sector up to sub-regional standards. The first step is to formulate a financial sector development strategy that will serve as a roadmap for future reforms. Issues of access to financial services are crucial in Niger, in view of indicators that place Niger at the lowest level in the Union (except for Guinea-Bissau). The stability of the financial sector has improved, but still requires vigilance on the part of national and monetary authorities. The country's economic activity is based on agriculture and services, but uranium is Niger's main export. The primary and tertiary sectors account for 42 and 38 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) respectively. Agriculture sustains roughly 80 percent of the population. Industrial activities are extremely limited apart from uranium mining in the north, which accounts for 60 percent of the country's exports on average. The medium-term macroeconomic outlook in Niger appears favorable due to the greater margin for budget maneuvering attributable to debt reduction initiatives and the increased investments in the mining, infrastructure, and agriculture sectors. Niger has a small banking sector with a moderate degree of concentration. The banking sector is not highly concentrated and the customer base is relatively diversified. Four of the 10 banks account for 80 percent of total assets but in relatively equal proportions, which could help competition. The remaining banks are small with limited activity. The two specialized financial institutions that are either state-controlled or controlled by local governments are in the process of privatization or liquidation.
  • Publication
    Financial Access 2009 : Measuring Access to Financial Services around the World
    (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor/The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-09) Consultative Group to Assist the Poor
    Financial Access 2009 introduces the latest data from a survey of financial regulators in 139 countries. It presents indicators of access to savings, credit, and payment services in banks, and in regulated nonbank financial institutions. It is intended for a broad audience of policymakers, researchers, practitioners, multilateral and bilateral investors, in order to guide monetary policy, monitor systemic risks, and collect information on the values of deposits and credit. This report reviews three interventions: disclosure requirements, interest rate caps, and methods to address excessive lending that can result in consumer indebtedness. Improved transparency and disclosure allow borrowers to make informed choices and can facilitate competition in financial markets, eventually leading to lower prices and improved products. Policies to restrict interest rates or credit quantity, especially in consumer credit, seem to have limited effect but require further analysis.
  • Publication
    Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) : Sustaining High Growth - The Role of Domestic savings : Synthesis Report
    (Washington, DC, 2011-12) World Bank
    Domestic savings in Turkey declined significantly in the 2000s. The domestic savings rate declined from an average of 23.5 percent of gross national income in the 1990s to an average of 17 percent over the 2000-2008 period, and further to 12.7 percent in 2010. This decline was driven by the sharp fall in private saving, while public saving increased through most of the period. A strong fiscal adjustment underpinned the improvement in public savings in the post-2001 period. The adjustment was pursued to correct the fiscal expansion of the previous decade, and it led to a sharp reduction in the public debt to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio. This improved the public saving-investment balance and helped reduce the vulnerability of the economy to external shocks. With an expected increase in future investment needs, continued fiscal discipline will be vital for sustainable growth. The fall in private savings after 2001 was mostly a result of the decline in macroeconomic vulnerabilities. While the economy was growing fast, the positive impact of income growth on savings was overridden by an acceleration of private consumption stimulated by the increased availability of credit, fall in interest rates and previously postponed consumption. As the economy normalized and interest rates and inflation declined, so did household precautionary motives for saving. Eventually, however, continued economic stability and implementation of reforms discussed below should encourage saving by raising incomes. Structurally, Turkish households have a strong precautionary motive for savings. Macroeconomic vulnerabilities and the resulting unstable income streams, the risk of unemployment, and health risks are obvious reasons for household decisions to save. Declining interest rates (as in the 2000s) that reflected reduced risk premium and hence vulnerability reduced precautionary savings motives. Households where the head is an employer or self-employed rather than a wage earner tend to save more, while households where there is a green card holder (a non-contributory health program) save less, controlling for the income effect.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Digital Africa
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13) Begazo, Tania; Dutz, Mark Andrew; Blimpo, Moussa
    All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.
  • Publication
    International Practices to Promote Budget Literacy
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017-06-05) Masud, Harika; Pfeil, Helene; Agarwal, Sanjay; Gonzalez Briseno, Alfredo
    Budget literacy is defined as 'the ability to read, decipher, and understand public budgets to enable and enhance meaningful citizen participation in the budget process'. It is comprised of two main parts - (i) a technical understanding of public budgets, including familiarity with government spending, tax rates and public debt and; (ii) the ability to engage in the budget process, comprising of practical knowledge on day-to-day issues, as well as an elementary understanding of the economic, social and political implications of budget policies, the stakeholders involved and when and how to provide inputs during the annual budget cycle. Given that no international standards or guidelines have been established for budget literacy education to date, this book seeks to address this gap by taking stock of illustrative initiatives promoting budget literacy for youth in selected countries. The underlying presumption is that when supply-side actors in the budget process -- governments -- simplify and disseminate budget information for demand-side actors -- citizens -- this information will then be used by citizens to provide feedback on the budget. However, since citizens are often insufficiently informed about public budgets to constructively participate in budget processes one way to empower them and to remedy the problem of "budget illiteracy" is to provide budget-literacy education in schools to youth, helping them evolve into civic-minded adults with the essential knowledge needed for analyzing their government's fiscal policy objectives and measures, and the confidence and sense of social responsibility to participate in the oversight of public resources. This book elaborates on approaches, learning outcomes, pedagogical strategies and assessment approaches for budget literacy education, and presents lessons that are relevant for the development, improvement, or scaling up of budget literacy initiatives.
  • Publication
    Absolute and Relative Poverty Measurement
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-04) Decerf, Benoit
    This paper reviews the debate opposing the absolute and relative approaches to monetary poverty measurement. The arguments for combining both approaches into a single “overall” monetary poverty measure are introduced. The most salient proposals of hybrid poverty lines are presented. Then, the reasons why specific poverty indices may be required when a hybrid line is used are discussed. The class of hierarchical poverty indices is described, focusing in particular on the hierarchical headcount ratio.
  • Publication
    Arab Republic of Egypt : Analysis of Housing Supply Mechanisms, Final Note
    (Washington, DC, 2007) World Bank
    The objective of this study, requested by the Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development, is to assist the government of Egypt in: formulating a coherent national affordable housing strategy which puts in place an effective institutional and regulatory framework that creates the necessary conditions for an efficiently functioning housing market, devises the incentive structure needed to promote increased private sector participation in affordable housing supply and the subsidy package to enable limited-income households to access affordable housing, and addresses distortions in factor markets; and designing the foundations and key elements of the national affordable housing program for Egypt, which aims to enable the delivery of 500,000 affordable housing units in the coming six years. This study critically analyzes the existing situation on housing supply in urban areas in Egypt. This includes examining existing formal and informal mechanisms for the supply/ delivery of urban housing in Egypt, institutions responsible for supply and regulation, the characteristics of the formal and informal housing stock (supply trends, prices, construction and factor market costs, etc), and the institutional and regulatory framework governing urban/ land use planning and development in Egypt.
  • Publication
    India Systematic Country Diagnostic
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-06-06) World Bank Group
    With one of the world’sfastest-growing economies, India is a brightspot in a lackluster global environment. In the past three decades, per capita incomes have quadrupled, poverty has retreated, illiteracy rates have tumbled, and health conditions have improved. An expanding economy has provided the much-needed resources to address chronic infrastructure deficits and improve the lives ofmillions. India is now poised to transition to a higher and more widely shared level of prosperity: by 2047—the centenary of independence—most citizens could join the ranks of the global middle class. Households in the global middle class can fulfill a range of aspirations, such as safe and affordable housing, health care, education, clean water, sanitation facilities, reliable electricity, a safe environment, and discretionary income to spend on leisure pursuits. Achieving these goals requires incomes well above the extreme poverty line, as well as vastly improved levels of public service delivery. Projections suggest that for this to occur, rapid growth (of 8 percent or more) will need to be sustained for approximately the next three decades. And while the promise of amiddle classIndia may appear to be tantalizingly close,success is not necessarily pre-ordained. Most countries that grew rapidly in one decade, decelerated in the next. In East Asia, for example, growth traps appear to have emerged from a shortage of low-wage labor, partly a consequence of demographic change. Growth slowdowns in Latin America and Africa’s mineral-dependent economies have mirrored commodity price cycles. India’s economic constraints are different. Unlike East Asia, there is an expanding share of young adults in India, so there is limited risk of sustained wage increases for lowskilled workers. And unlike Latin America, India is a net importer of minerals, timber, and many other commodities, so that India’s growth does not fade with declining commodityprices. India is distinctive in other ways too. It’s size and immense diversity suggest the need for remedies that fit its particular circumstances. Space age industries, high-tech agriculture and elite colleges thrive alongside primitive workshops, subsistence farms and schools that impart little knowledge. Prosperity and poverty also live side-by-side. India is simultaneously home to the 3rd largest number of billionaires in the world, together with the highest number of poor people in the world. As a result, policy reforms must navigate this considerable diversity, take into account the scale of the country, and respect a robust administrative culture that requires change to be indigenized and contested in order to be acceptable. The accompanying volume 2 of the SCD provides a summary of the main comments and debatesthat ensued during the review and consultation process of this document.