Publication:
Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Towards Macroeconomic Stability and Sustained Growth, Volume 1. Summary Report

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (3.99 MB)
221 downloads
English Text (142.47 KB)
53 downloads
Published
2003-07-28
ISSN
Date
2013-07-26
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This report addresses key questions facing Turkish policymakers: how to sustain the economic recovery that began in 2002 following the deep crisis of 2001, how to ensure disinflation and public debt sustainability, and how to foster broad-based and equitably distributed growth in the future. After a brief review of the 2001 crisis and the Government response, the report analyzes the economic opportunities and challenges facing Turkey, and identifies policies to build on the economic recovery which began in 2002. The CEM develops a comprehensive four-point agenda for sustainable and more equitably distributed growth. The agenda encompasses: (i) macroeconomic stability, (ii) effective government, (iii) improved business environment, and (iv) stronger social policies. The report closes with medium-term macroeconomic projections to illustrate Turkey's prospects under a scenario of sustained reform and to highlight the risks to growth and macroeconomic stability should the economic program go off track.
Link to Data Set
Citation
World Bank. 2003. Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Towards Macroeconomic Stability and Sustained Growth, Volume 1. Summary Report. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14625 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Associated URLs
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Towards Macroeconomic Stability and Sustained Growth, Volume 2. Main Report
    (Washington, DC, 2003-07-28) World Bank
    This report addresses key questions facing Turkish policymakers: how to sustain the economic recovery that began in 2002 following the deep crisis of 2001, how to ensure disinflation and public debt sustainability, and how to foster broad-based and equitably distributed growth in the future. After a brief review of the 2001 crisis and the Government response, the report analyzes the economic opportunities and challenges facing Turkey, and identifies policies to build on the economic recovery which began in 2002. The CEM develops a comprehensive four-point agenda for sustainable and more equitably distributed growth. The agenda encompasses: (i) macroeconomic stability, (ii) effective government, (iii) improved business environment, and (iv) stronger social policies. The report closes with medium-term macroeconomic projections to illustrate Turkey's prospects under a scenario of sustained reform and to highlight the risks to growth and macroeconomic stability should the economic program go off track.
  • Publication
    Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Structural Reforms for Sustainable Growth, Volume 1. Main Report
    (Washington, DC, 2000-09-15) World Bank
    This country economic memorandum shows that fiscal imbalances are key to understanding Turkey's inflation problem, and its volatile growth. Its findings suggest that the country's inability to sustain high growth can be closely linked, among many factors, to the lack of macroeconomic stability. Unsustainable fiscal policy, has put repeated pressure on its currency, and led to chronic, and high inflation. Thus, when facing crises, fiscal policy has been unable to withstand, or influence on the business cycle; instead contractionary policies have been implemented to achieve monetary stability, actually worsening the real impact of shocks. It is also suggested that previous attempts at stabilization, failed precisely because they did not address the structural sources of fiscal deficit. Following an analysis on Turkey's macroeconomic framework, the report reviews the reform agenda on the infrastructure, agriculture, and banking sectors, and the country's medium-term prospects, but emphasizes the influence of the policy environment on total factor productivity growth, as a key explanatory factor, recommending structural policies to generate at least a primary surplus of three percent of GNP, prioritize social security, and social assistance, and avoid unsustainable contingent liabilities, by deregulating energy and telecommunications sectors, and, pursue financial sector reform.
  • Publication
    Policy Change and Economic Growth
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008) Faulkner, David; Loewald, Christopher
    South Africa's growth experience provides an example of how contrasting growth trends long-term decline followed by improved growth pivot around political change, in this case a transition to democracy. In the decade prior to 1994, South Africa experienced the worst period of economic growth since the end of the Second World War, with growth variable and declining. The proximate causes of slowing growth were trade and financial sanctions in opposition to the Apartheid government, political instability and macroeconomic policy decisions that resulted in higher inflation, increased uncertainty, and declining investment. Democracy has proved critical for, among other factors, creating the possibility of a peaceful and more stable future and reversing investor sentiment at a basic level. Political and economic leadership have been essential for improving the country's growth performance because of the effect on policy formulation, institutional development, regulatory design, and economic vision. Prudent fiscal policy and sound macroeconomic management have been critical factors in creating an environment conducive to growth by stabilizing economic conditions, lowering the user cost of capital, and putting downward pressure on the real exchange rate. This case study provides some insight into a more general perspective on political and economic transition and some of the key macro- and microeconomic policy shifts that need to occur to realize a more rapid and sustained growth path.
  • Publication
    Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Volume 2. Sustaining High Growth, Selected Issues
    (Washington, DC, 2008-04) World Bank
    This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), prepared in collaboration with the Turkish authorities, summarizes recent accomplishments in achieving high growth and analyzes remaining public policy challenges and options available to the authorities to meet these challenges. The country seeks to double the nominal per capita income of its population by 2013. It wants this rapid growth to be inclusive of all segments of society, regions, and economic sectors-especially through improved labor market performance leading to more and better jobs in the economy. At the same time, the authorities want to improve the quality of public services which they see as an important complement to economic growth in improving quality of life. They also believe that the potentially negative environmental consequences of the period of rapid growth ahead need to be managed so that the positive welfare gains from higher per capita income levels do not become eroded by environmental nuisances. Turkey has succeeded in restoring macroeconomic stability and rapid growth, it has been recovering from crisis in 2001 and grew at 7.5 percent per year on average during 2002-2006. In addition, certain dimensions of public sector governance are instrumental in improving quality of life and promoting competitiveness in Turkey including, for example, food safety and environmental protection. Further strengthening of the legal framework and institutions fighting corruption could improve the investment climate, the efficiency of the public sector, and popular support to further reforms, and continuous macroeconomic stability is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for sustainable growth. Strong fiscal discipline and monetary policy have reduced chronic inflation to below 10 percent in 2005. Public debt has also been reduced and its sustainability has improved. Accordingly, the resilience of the Turkish economy to shocks has improved as demonstrated by the rapid recovery from turmoil in international markets in the summer of 2006 and, more recently, in the summer-autumn of 2007.
  • Publication
    Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum : Sustaining High Growth, Selected Issues, Volume 1. Main Report
    (Washington, DC, 2008-04) World Bank
    This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), prepared in collaboration with the Turkish authorities, summarizes recent accomplishments in achieving high growth and analyzes remaining public policy challenges and options available to the authorities to meet these challenges. The country seeks to double the nominal per capita income of its population by 2013. It wants this rapid growth to be inclusive of all segments of society, regions, and economic sectors-especially through improved labor market performance leading to more and better jobs in the economy. At the same time, the authorities want to improve the quality of public services which they see as an important complement to economic growth in improving quality of life. They also believe that the potentially negative environmental consequences of the period of rapid growth ahead need to be managed so that the positive welfare gains from higher per capita income levels do not become eroded by environmental nuisances. Turkey has succeeded in restoring macroeconomic stability and rapid growth, it has been recovering from crisis in 2001 and grew at 7.5 percent per year on average during 2002-2006. In addition, certain dimensions of public sector governance are instrumental in improving quality of life and promoting competitiveness in Turkey including, for example, food safety and environmental protection. Further strengthening of the legal framework and institutions fighting corruption could improve the investment climate, the efficiency of the public sector, and popular support to further reforms, and continuous macroeconomic stability is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for sustainable growth. Strong fiscal discipline and monetary policy have reduced chronic inflation to below 10 percent in 2005. Public debt has also been reduced and its sustainability has improved. Accordingly, the resilience of the Turkish economy to shocks has improved as demonstrated by the rapid recovery from turmoil in international markets in the summer of 2006 and, more recently, in the summer-autumn of 2007.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Morocco Economic Update, Winter 2025
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-03) World Bank
    Despite the drought causing a modest deceleration of overall GDP growth to 3.2 percent, the Moroccan economy has exhibited some encouraging trends in 2024. Non-agricultural growth has accelerated to an estimated 3.8 percent, driven by a revitalized industrial sector and a rebound in gross capital formation. Inflation has dropped below 1 percent, allowing Bank al-Maghrib to begin easing its monetary policy. While rural labor markets remain depressed, the economy has added close to 162,000 jobs in urban areas. Morocco’s external position remains strong overall, with a moderate current account deficit largely financed by growing foreign direct investment inflows, underpinned by solid investor confidence indicators. Despite significant spending pressures, the debt-to-GDP ratio is slowly declining.
  • Publication
    Argentina Country Climate and Development Report
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11) World Bank Group
    The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.
  • Publication
    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2025: Accelerating Growth through Entrepreneurship, Technology Adoption, and Innovation
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-04-23) Belacin, Matias; Iacovone, Leonardo; Izvorski, Ivailo; Kasyanenko, Sergiy
    Business dynamism and economic growth in Europe and Central Asia have weakened since the late 2000s, with productivity growth driven largely by resource reallocation between firms and sectors rather than innovation. To move up the value chain, countries need to facilitate technology adoption, stronger domestic competition, and firm-level innovation to build a more dynamic private sector. Governments should move beyond broad support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and focus on enabling the most productive firms to expand and compete globally. Strengthening competition policies, reducing the presence of state-owned enterprises, and ensuring fair market access are crucial. Limited availability of long-term financing and risk capital hinders firm growth and innovation. Economic disruptions are a shock in the short term, but they provide an opportunity for implementing enterprise and structural reforms, all of which are essential for creating better-paying jobs and helping countries in the region to achieve high-income status.
  • Publication
    Digital Africa
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13) Begazo, Tania; Dutz, Mark Andrew; Blimpo, Moussa
    All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.
  • Publication
    Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21) Luna-Bazaldua, Diego; Levin, Victoria; Liberman, Julia; Gala, Priyal Mukesh
    This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.