Publication:
Do Middle Classes Bring Institutional Reforms?

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorLoayza, Norman
dc.contributor.authorRigolini, Jamele
dc.contributor.authorLlorente, Gonzalo
dc.date.accessioned2014-08-29T17:56:45Z
dc.date.available2014-08-29T17:56:45Z
dc.date.issued2012-03
dc.description.abstractThe paper examines the link between poverty, the middle class and institutional outcomes using a new cross-country panel dataset on the distribution of income and expenditure. It uses an econometric methodology to gauge whether a larger middle class has a causal effect on policy and institutional outcomes in three areas: social policy in health and education, market-oriented economic structure and quality of governance. The analysis find that when the middle class becomes larger (measured as the proportion of people earning more than US$10 a day), social policy on health and education becomes more progressive, and the quality of governance (democratic participation and official corruption) also improves. This trend does not occur at the expense of economic freedom, as a larger middle class also leads to more market-oriented economic policy on trade and finance. These beneficial effects of a larger middle class appear to be more robust than the impact of lower poverty, lower inequality or higher gross domestic product per capita. That may be linked to the evolution of the middle class: they are more enlightened, more likely to take political actions and have a stronger voice. They also share preferences and values for policy and institutional reforms, as well as higher stakes in property rights and wealth accumulation.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/03/15975481/middle-classes-bring-institutional-reforms
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-6015
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/19866
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 6015
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectCAPITAL ACCUMULATION
dc.subjectCAUSAL EFFECT
dc.subjectCITIZENS
dc.subjectCORRUPTION
dc.subjectCOUNTRY EFFECTS
dc.subjectCOUNTRY-SPECIFIC EFFECTS
dc.subjectCREDIT MARKET
dc.subjectCREDIT MARKET IMPERFECTIONS
dc.subjectCROSS COUNTRY
dc.subjectCROSS-COUNTRY INCOME
dc.subjectCROSS-COUNTRY PANEL
dc.subjectDATA QUALITY
dc.subjectDATA SET
dc.subjectDEMOCRACY
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKETS
dc.subjectECONOMETRICS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectECONOMIC REVIEW
dc.subjectECONOMIC STRUCTURE
dc.subjectECONOMIC STUDIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL RESULTS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT EQUATIONS
dc.subjectERROR TERM
dc.subjectEXPLANATORY VARIABLE
dc.subjectEXPLANATORY VARIABLES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR
dc.subjectFIXED COSTS
dc.subjectFUTURE RESEARCH
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGDP PER CAPITA
dc.subjectGINI COEFFICIENT
dc.subjectGINI INDEX
dc.subjectGLOBAL LEVEL
dc.subjectGOVERNANCE QUALITY
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA
dc.subjectGROWTH MODELS
dc.subjectHIGH INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DATA
dc.subjectINCOME DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINCOME SOURCES
dc.subjectINCOME STUDY
dc.subjectINCOMES
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectINEQUALITY MEASURES
dc.subjectINSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectLOW INCOME
dc.subjectLOW INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMACROECONOMICS
dc.subjectMARKET-ORIENTED ECONOMY
dc.subjectMEAN INCOME
dc.subjectMEASURES OF POVERTY
dc.subjectMIDDLE CLASS
dc.subjectMIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS
dc.subjectMONETARY ECONOMICS
dc.subjectOUTPUT PER CAPITA
dc.subjectPOLICY DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY OUTCOMES
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL INSTABILITY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL LEGITIMACY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectPOLITICAL SCIENCE
dc.subjectPOSITIVE IMPACT
dc.subjectPOVERTY HEADCOUNT
dc.subjectPOVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX
dc.subjectPOVERTY THRESHOLD
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC CHOICE
dc.subjectPUBLIC ECONOMICS
dc.subjectPUBLIC EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectRELATIVE IMPORTANCE
dc.subjectRELATIVE POSITION
dc.subjectRICH COUNTRIES
dc.subjectSERIES OBSERVATIONS
dc.subjectSIGNIFICANT IMPACT
dc.subjectSOCIAL CONFLICT
dc.subjectSOCIAL MOBILITY
dc.subjectSOCIAL OUTCOMES
dc.subjectSOCIAL POLICIES
dc.subjectSOCIAL POLICY
dc.subjectUNEQUAL SOCIETIES
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.subjectWORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.titleDo Middle Classes Bring Institutional Reforms?en
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleDo Middle Classes Bring Institutional Reforms?
okr.date.disclosure2012-03-31
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T11:01:16.665589Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/03/15975481/middle-classes-bring-institutional-reforms
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.globalpracticeGovernance
okr.guid179301468151781297
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-6015
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20120326114027
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum15975481
okr.identifier.reportWPS6015
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/26/000158349_20120326114027/Rendered/PDF/WPS6015.pdfen
okr.sectorPublic Administration, Law, and Justice :: Central government administration
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Poverty Impact Evaluation
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Inequality
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicGovernance::Governance Indicators
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Achieving Shared Growth
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth
okr.unitOffice of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region; and Macroeconomics and Growth Team, Development Research Group
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationb51f7805-9174-58dc-a585-0ca1b7edbebc
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryb51f7805-9174-58dc-a585-0ca1b7edbebc
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
Files
Original bundle
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Thumbnail Image
Name:
WPS6015.pdf
Size:
937.99 KB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Download
No Thumbnail Available
Name:
WPS6015.txt
Size:
39.09 KB
Format:
Plain Text
Download
License bundle
Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
No Thumbnail Available
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.71 KB
Format:
Plain Text
Description:
Download
Collections
Policy Research Working Papers