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The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia

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dc.contributor.authorFlores, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorKoehler, Dominik
dc.contributor.authorLucchetti, Leonardo
dc.contributor.authorCortez, Clifton
dc.contributor.authorDjindjić, Jovana
dc.contributor.authorKuzmanov, Lidija
dc.date.accessioned2023-09-21T13:02:13Z
dc.date.available2023-09-21T13:02:13Z
dc.date.issued2023-09-26
dc.description.abstractRecent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country’s policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs). en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/40380
dc.identifier.urihttps://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40380
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectLGBTI EXCLUSION
dc.subjectWORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectSOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
dc.subjectVULNERABLE GROUPS
dc.subjectSEXUAL ORIENTATION
dc.subjectGENDER IDENTITY
dc.subjectSOCIAL INCLUSION
dc.titleThe Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedoniaen
dc.typeReport
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleThe Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
okr.date.disclosure2023-09-26
okr.date.lastmodified2023-09-20T00:00:00Zen
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb
okr.guid099091923182525219
okr.identifier.docmidP173700-49a491d6-72ac-42e9-a93b-8402119d25cb
okr.identifier.doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1596/40380
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum34165081
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum34165081
okr.identifier.report184941
okr.import.id1836
okr.importedtrueen
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/pdf/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeEurope and Central Asia
okr.region.countryNorth Macedonia (Formerly the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
okr.region.geographicalWestern Balkans
okr.sectorSocial Protection
okr.themeSocial protection delivery systems,Gender,Human Development and Gender,Data Development and Capacity Building,Social Protection,Social Development and Protection,Private Sector Development,Public Sector Management,Jobs,Data production, accessibility and use
okr.topicLaw and Development::Human Rights
okr.topicLaw and Development::International Law
okr.topicGender::Gender and Law
okr.topicGender::Gender and Social Development
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Social Protections & Assistance
okr.unitSocial ECA (SCASO)
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